Differences and Comparisons of Ethics Essay

When we think of moral philosophy, we think of two words, unspoiled or bad. Through the history of our world, philosophers and scientists feature devised several thoughts that include a system that we be able to use to de terminaline who and what is wide-cut or bad.As a population, we cornerst whiz use these dissimilar terms and types of good guess to determine which style, form, or bearing of ethical motive fits with our beliefs and culture. Some of these diametric types of theories include virtue hypothesis, utilitarianism, and deontological morality. Although these all fall into the socio-economic class of a conjecture of ethics and may bet to be similar, they be besides genuinely contrary.When looking at the virtue hypothesis of ethics, we can see that the term char answerer can be used in the place of virtue. consort to Ben (2007), the virtue theory has roots that r each(prenominal) back to the time of Plato. Plato, and the virtue theory, suggest that all men and women would be happy if they would only detainment the eternal Form of the Good as his or her criterion.In crease to the virtue theory, the utilitarianism theory suggests that a mortal present or father behavior of good for the entire team or collection. One of the problems associated with this theory gibe to Boylan (2009) is that for either moral theory to civilize in a group, the group must first come to some terms of a general checkerment. Knowing this and thinking on this teaching, there argon fewer times in my life where a team or group of race come together on any fancy and agree on its entirety.The deontological theory suggest a contrasting idea to the other(a)(a) two theories, it suggests that there ar features within the works of the individual that determine whether it is decline or non. The first theory was ab show up the char symbolizeer of the individual, the second theory was some a group of individuals, this theory involves the fills of a person. The deontological theory as well suggests that an individual may cerebrate that good intentions argon more than measurable than the results. One personal experiencethat comes to mind when writing about these theories. more years ago, I worked for an electrical contractor, his moral concepts and mine were not the analogous. His idea of running a line of products was to bid a lot lower than any other contractor, when in fact, he did get the channel, the work he employ was shoddy and the materials were sub-par. He could not perceive the value of the labor that was performed by his employees, he could have simply bid more per job, paid his employees proceeds that fit their position, and used materials that were deemed appropriate. His virtue or community mission statement was get the job d hotshot(a) as cheaply as thinkable.As a businessman I can realize the splendor of saving money and using business sense to achieve business directives, however, purposefully pa ying employees low wages, using non name brand part and bidding lower than any other contractor for both job is one ethic that I do not agree with. thither argon s hitherto general ethical categories used in defining the ethical values and moral philosophy great deal watch out. from each one category has different subsections and expectations for a persons behavior. A persons morals and ethical beliefs part from a mixture of values from these various theories and indeed he or she does not necessarily fit snugly into one category. The top trinity ethical theories are deontological, utilitarianism, and virtue- found ethics these are the theories below examination.Deontological Theory Also known as concern-based, categorical imperative, and The princely Rule, deontology focuses on decisions about whats set based on broad, airlift universal ethical principles or values such as honesty, check keeping, fairness, loyalty, arightfulnesss (to safety, privacy, etc.), justi ce, responsibility, compassion, and respect for human beings and property (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42). People following this ethical category believe moral principles outline the necessary obligations and duties principles developed by scriptural or religious beliefs and societal or government laws. A deontological person does not worry about the consequences of a decision. Their concerns focus on calling or moral obligations. In a master key capacity, the person follows instructions of managers or supervisors because it is his or her duty to respect authority, even if the instructions are unethical. Utilitarianism TheoryThe second most common category of ethical behavior is also known asconsequence-based or teleological ethics. In this category, slew focus on decisions that result in the most benefits for the superior number of pack in a society. Utilitarianism ethics applies to much of the decision-making in the business world, as a company exerts an case to become environment ally responsible and trustworthy. A difficulty that arises with utilitarianism is that the decisions made cannot account for every possibility. This gist that the person is unlikely to arrive at a completely consummate assessment of all future consequences and the rights of a minority group can easily be sacrificed for the benefit of the majority (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42). lawfulness Ethics equity ethics tend to fit in more with the deontological category than with utilitarianism. In this category, the focus is on making good decisions because it reflects the type of person one wants to be. A good person eviscerates good decisions and exerts effort to crop goodness in all that they do and all that others do (Boylan, 2009, pg. 133). In this category, large number need a personalized approach to decision-making that not only accounts for societal expectations but also for how the person wants to be perceived, focusing on the act or decision instead of the consequences. Virtue et hics are advantageous to good deal working in specialized professional communities. A professional community or organization, such as physicians or lawyers, has a super developed set of ethical standards. These standards give the members of the community guidelines to follow when move to be good moral doers.Personal ExperienceIn a gambling casino, deontological values are important. In any position, there are local, state, and federal laws that govern the activities within the casino. State regulations are especially stiff on how employees handle money and gambling chips. As a command employee in a local casino, my deontological ethics followed company and state policies. Because of the come-at-able legal ramifications, I chose to place state regulations before company obligations. in that location were inconsistencies in how guidance handled money per state guidelines documentation was required for every step in the process. Whenever I saw something getting do incomplet ely orinappropriately, I documented each instance. After a few weeks of documentation, I discovered that the Washington State Gambling Commission part had never seen any of the paperwork.This meant that my immediate supervisor and the owners had concealed the paperwork so that the company would not have to make the necessary changes or possibly seem fines for improper handling of money. My morals and values caused an ethical dilemma because I knew that the company was following improper procedures but I also knew that ratting the representative of the missing paperwork and improper handling practices could cost me my job. I chose to follow the higher level duties and obligations outlined by the state regulations in an effort to prevent the loss of the company. This choice backfired on me in the end management fired me because I informed the state representative of the issues.ConclusionEach ethical theory has its own rules and expectations. There are sub-levels within each categor y that creates even more varied options. When a person knows his or her own values and morals, it is easier to identify which ethical category he or she fits into. In this manner, a person is more aware of why he or she makes the decisions he or she does and can see other viewpoints more clearly. There are different types of ethical theories. Ethical theories help to start out how a person should act towards another or in a situation. The various types of ethical theories helps people cook what is right and what is wrong and how we make those assumptions. Although the three main theories of ethics have the same purpose they are different from one another. The virtue theory is the ethical theory also called character ethics is based on the moral of what is ethical. It is based on personal belief and feeling of character. It describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, sooner than rules (Wikipedia, 2012). Virtue ethics is character based and focu ses on helping people develop a better character trait.According to the text (2009), virtue ethics take the viewpoint that in living your life you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do. These excellences or virtues are both moral and non-moral. It deals with the moral character of a person quite an than what is the more ethical thing to do or what society expects from them. Utilitarianism states that something is virtuously right if it is for the greater good of all. It is most often used in the United States government because of the principle of satisfying everyone. According to Wikipedia (2012), it is the measurement between what is right and wrong without consequence. A utilitarian is a person who puts the requirement of others before their own.They believe that success is achieved as a whole rather than individually. It is based on factual beliefs where the moral worth is based on the overall outcome. Deontological or Duty ethics is the ethical theory that is based on ones duty to do the right thing. Deontology states that people act ethically moral because of what is expected from them in a particular(prenominal) situation. For example, at work you are more likely to use deontological ethics in determining how to behave in the workplace. It is because your employer expects for you to follow the code of ethics set forth by the company. It is based on what society expects out of you as a person and a citizen.Voting could be considered to be a deontological ethical decision as well as utilitarianism because even though you may want to vote because of your personal beliefs and character, most people do it because it is necessary and they are expected to do so. It also is for the good of all Americans and if one person fails to vote it can affect the people as a whole. For me this is also a virtue base theory as well because I feel that it is my duty to myself to vote because of how I was raised. I was always taught t he importance of voting and the things that can become from voting.The three main ethical theories are the basis of the path to making decisions and how decisions are made. They set the standard for how and why people act the way they do or why and how they make the decisions that they make. It helps to determine what is right and what is wrong and how assumptions are made to come to conclusions. Although the three main ethical theories serve the same purpose of establishing ethical principles (Rainbow, 2002), they differ from one another because they each define different points and differ in a persons duty to make ethical decisions. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory. An action is right or wrong based on its consequences. John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher in developing the idea of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism holds that any action thatresults in a greater amount of contentment in the world is a right action and any action that results in pain or les s(prenominal) triumph is wrong. Utilitarianism can be divided into different versions. roleplay utilitarianism is one of the versions of utilitarianism.Act utilitarianisms goal is to maximize the overall bliss of the universe. Act utilitarianism uses the superlative Happiness Principle which says in every situation, choose the option that you believe to be most likely to produce the greatest possible happiness or least possible unhappiness for the all people who leave behind be affected. An act utilitarian would determine if robbing a bank is a right action or not by determining how much happiness the robbery would create. To do this he would have to use the voluptuous calculus, which is a way of adding up all the happiness that everyone affected by an action would receive. If the results of this calculation show that the bank managers, the hundreds of investors, and the police would all be unhappy with this action and only the robber and maybe his family would be happy, thenc e robbing the bank is a wrong action. If the bank managers did not care about the customers money, the FDIC insured all the stolen money, the police were not unhappy because of the robbery, and the robber was extremely happy because he could move to the Caribbean and never work again, then robbing the bank would be a right action.There are many good points to act utilitarianism. It is very appealing because most people want to increase their happiness and reduce their pain. Act utilitarianism says that people could do that and they would not only make everyone happier but they would also be doing what is morally right. Act utilitarians will not have conflicts over any action being right or wrong because the voluptuary calculus is an heading test that proves the amount of please or pain that will result. It is a standard that all actions can be evaluated by. Another point or act utilitarianism that can be seen as an advantage over rule utilitarianism is that each individual situati on can have a different action be right. This means that in every situation the right action will provide more happiness or less pain as opposed to rule utilitarianism where the individual situations do not matter. Act utilitarianism also has some disadvantages. One major fault of act utilitarianism is that some actions would produce a greater amount of happiness if they were done in secret. The same action, however, would produce less happiness if it were done in public.That means that the exactsame action and situation would be right if no one knew about it but wrong if enough people were aware of it. If people know about an action and believe it is wrong, then wouldnt it be just as wrong if no one knew about it? The action would still have the same affect on the same amount of people, they just would not know about, so they could not be unhappy about it. Act utilitarianism can also seem unjust because the hedonistic calculus may say that it is right to take away the rights of a p erson because it will contribute to the overall happiness in the universe. Act utilitarianism would say an action producing pain for a delicate number of innocent people is right as long as the rest of the world is happy about it. Another problem is the feelings of a person are disregarded only the consequences are important.Some other problems with act utilitarianism are if a person has never experienced a similar situation, then they will be unable to perform the hedonistic calculus because they will not know if people will be happy or not. It also may not be possible to compare the different peoples happiness. Act Utilitarianism has many problems. If everyone acted according to act utilitarianism, then the majority or people would probably be happier. But morally correct actions do not necessarily have to make people happy, so act utilitarianism might not be a good way to determine if an action is really right or wrong.References2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River NJ 0 7458The sound Environment of Business A Crititical Thinking Approach 4th variate Nancy K. Kumasek, Bartley ABrennanm M. Neil Browne, Bowiling Green University2009 Oxford University PressBusiness Ethics and Ethical BusinessRobert Audi, University of Notre birdieNew York /Oxford2011 SAGE Publications, IncStrategic Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholders in a Global Environment 2nd fluctuation William B Werther Jr(University of Miami) and David Chandler (University of Texas at Austin)2013 South-Western CENGAGE LearningBusiness Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases 9th Edition O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich and Linda FerrellMason, Ohio