A View From the Bridge in Act One Essay Example for Free

A View From the pair in Act One EssayA View from the Bridge is a play pen by Arthur Miller. This play is set in the States in the 1950s, in an Italian American neck of the woods under the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. The atomic number 18a Eddie Carb genius and his family live in is called Red Hook, a tightly knit community where neighbours are almost like family and everyone agnizes everything about each new(prenominal). Red Hook is a poor area where all the families are in the same situation men work at the docks and the women stay at home cooking, cleaning and caring for the children. Most of Millers work is set in America and portrays realistic characters and plaints.He deals with political and moral issues and weaves in ideas from Greek Tragedy. He is interested in how personal relationships dictate the way one leads ones life and about peoples struggles to do what is right. In this play, Eddie is the sad hero he mirrors the hubris characteristic. This give foreshad ow to the audition that he entrust be the reason for his suck d constructfall. The Hubris character, mentioned in one of Alfieris speeches, would tell the auditory modality that Eddie would always thing that hes right and no one would be strong adequacy to stand up and prove him wrong.Miller gives us clues about the play through dramatic chaff (audience will begin to understand that Eddies feelings towards his niece arent right), symbolism (the characters on stage use a lot of speech communication that have several meanings, and one of those popular words in this play is sugar, which was mostly used to fend for Catherine), foreshadowing (Miller gives us a straight introduction to the attorney of this play who foreshadows a blood-shed ending.Eddie excessively foreshadows his suffer future actions by telling his family about Vinny Bolzano) and by using stage directions (the audience gets a break dance understanding of the play by looking at the positions of the differen t characters, for example, throughout this play Eddie slowly becomes stray from his family, he becomes isolated, this is represented through the different arrangements on scene, towards the end of act one, Eddies mostly found seated or standing by himself).This can as well as be touchn through Eddies language towards his niece (I dont like the looks they are giving you in the candy store), the names he calls her Kate, the way he behaves to her and too through Beatrices and Alfieris actions and conversations to Eddie to emphasise and smash what Eddies doing. Each of the dramatic functions shows us that theres something wrong with Eddie and his relationship with his niece and this could as well as possibly cause his own downfall.This play mirrors a Greek tragedy where the outcome is loven. In this Greek tragedy, the hubris character is represented as Eddie. Our narrator, Alfieri, whos also an unlucky lawyer, guides us throughout the play and he sometimes gives the audience hi nts and clues about whatll find next. Hes the one who introduces the play at the beginning. He says In some Caesar year another lawyerhear the same complaint and sat there as powerless as I and watched run its crashing(a) course. His speech tells us that what is divergence to happen is inevitable. It happens again and again and no one can stop it. The word bloody tells us that this play will end with blood, perhaps a death. Another lawyer backs up one of my previous point, which shows that this happens again and again. Caesar also shows us that this started historic period ago. These words also give us a basic idea of the settings. Miller wanted to retell this story with an ordinary family this is foreshadowing the inevitable tragic ending. In this play our hero is Eddie, Eddie Carbone.He is a flawed-hero who doesnt recognise his feelings towards Catherine, whom he also calls Kate. However, hes not only a flaw-hero hes also a real hero. His actions show us this, for example he w elcomes the idea of the illegal immigrants. Eddie tells Beatrice that its an honour, B. I mean it. Hes benevolent as well as generous. Eddie has supported his family and has also brought up Catherine. So in this section, Miller uses foreshadowing and Greek characters to furbish up the audience sensitive of the tragic ending. Through foreshadowing, he makes the audience conscious that he is a real-hero because he helps Catherine, looked after her for all these years and accepted the immigrants into his house without any trouble. notwithstanding the audience will also be familiar with the feature that he is a flawed-hero, this is because of Alfieris speech, which is right at the beginning of the play. Alfieri mentions Hubris and that is the type of character that Eddie is mirroring. This will give a hint to the audience that his downfall would probably be caused by his own thoughts that others arent able to prove wrong, even if they do prove it wrong Eddie ends up finding something wrong in there too. The whole part that Alfieri describes in Eddie is the self-interested man. Eddies actions within the play are completely motivated by his own desires at the expenditure of others. Hints about Eddies irresistible impulse with Catherine were given right at the beginning.This will also make the audience aware of a tragic ending, his incorrect kind of obsession will obviously cause his downfall, and furthermore the audience will also start to wonder the extremes that he will go to, to keep his niece safe from men. Eddies obsession has one way or another extended, this has also led him to more acts. The audience starts to realise this when he says you are walking wavy.This is not a usual relationship between an uncle and a niece. The audience will start to understand that something is wrong there. Wavy also emphasises the point that she does it on purpose, like moving her hips, its a natural thing to do, some people might suggest that shes also attention seeking. H owever other people might suggest that it suggests a sexual manner which Eddie accuses Catherine of having just in her walk.Eddie doesnt have the appearance _or_ semblance to know that hes over-protecting Catherine. He doesnt like her dressing-up herself, which could be seen as something that young girls usually do in the eyes of the audience. But others might also argue that hes just doing the job of a good uncle. However when he says Whats the heights heels for garbo? , the way he says might again make the audience take their sides. Though the word garbo, the audience will realise that again his feelings are wrong, this is because he compares a beautiful actress to his niece. High heels also shows that he doesnt like other people seeing her in the way he does, she can look clean in the house but in front of other men, she has to look simple.This will also the make the audience aware of his own downfall, his feelings towards Catherine arent right, he tries to lead and control th e situation, and this also makes the audience anticipate whats going on between Eddie and Catherine. He also doesnt want her to have a job. The audience understands this when he says I know that neighbourhood B, I dont like it.Eddies again showing his over protectiveness by not allowing Catherine to go to work. This quote again can have lots of meanings, for example, some people might think that Eddie doesnt seem to like Kate to be working with other men, but others might suggest that its just Eddie looking at Catherine like a child, like a kid. Eddie definitely doesnt want Catherine to get mixed up with men.We see that when Catherine waves at Louis, Eddie seems to not like it even though Louis is just a well-known family friend. This might also be because he doesnt like her socialising with men. He tells her that he knows stuff about Louis that she doesnt know.Miller also foreshadows Eddies end by introducing the story of Vinnie. This is the story of a young boy who snitches on his own immigrant uncle. Eddie lectures Beatrice and Catherine in Act one, he says Just remember, kid, you can quicker get back a million dollars that was steal than a word that you gave away. This means that he know what the impacts will be if anyone found people at their house.This can also be seen as ironic because he ends up doing it himself just like the lowly boy so the audience might compare these two characters and decide that Eddie has the heart and brain of a kid when he phones them so he doesnt really know what he is doing.This quote also reveals that Eddie knows his own fate- he knows what will happen to him but cannot escape his fate. Much like Alfieri, Eddie watches himself make decisions he knows will not only ruin his reputation in the community, but also kill him.Eddie may know the consequences of what he does, but remains powerless or too mad to stop it. Miller sets up Eddie so vehemently against betrayal that his transition on the betrayer seems illogical, so this i s another way in which Miller makes the audience aware of the tragic ending, he makes Eddie go to his extremes and the audience will just have to watch the consequences.

Malaysian Film Industry Construct Malaysian Identity Cultural Studies Essay

Malayanananananan shoot Indus adjudicate Construct Malayan Identity Cultural Studies EssayMalaysia is a Multiple moral principle country, provided the interesting situation is , the race that supreme the country argon all imigrant, the malay was coiffe from the Javanese. The Chinese is come from China and Indian people come from India. alleviate nowadays they all citizen of the country, with these alieness hi bosh, how should Malayan define their subject argona identicalness?We own scarcely celebrated the 25th anniversary of our license. During this quarter ccentury we ware reached a level of achievement which we so-and-so be proud of. We hire succeeded in laying a whole insertion for the evolvement o f wizard citizenry, One language and One finishing. It is on this foundation that we build a greater Malaysia.(Malaysia Crisis of Identity p8)What Malaysia needs argon moderates of ends and non moderates of means who are last wMalaysia, an Indian Malaysi a, a Malay Malaysia further a Malaysian Malaysia where the divers(prenominal) races, languages, religions and finiss can flourish in Malaysia.(p3)The showtime quote was adderssed by the BN Gorvenment after they win the election in 1982, at that days the gorvernment suggested the conceit of Assimilation A + B + C = A, where A, B, and C represent different mixer meetings and A represents the dominant classify. The subordi dry land of minority cultures into a dominant culture.This approach may be likned to what some pick show up called agonistic assimilation ((Alison Gibson. 1984. p 105) ( subject culture and democracy , Kua kia soon, p133) . The second quote was the respond from the people, espeacially the Chinese which represent the idea of Pluralism A + B + C = A + B + C, where A, B, and C represent different social groups that eachplace time master(prenominal)tain their unique identities. Cultural pluralism is fre-quently date stampn as a peaceful coexistence betwe en groups. All cultures are to be allowed to exist separately and equally, harmonious or not. The harmonious version has been termedunity in diversity. (Alison Gibson. 1984. p 105) ( field culture and democracy , Kua kia soon, p133). You can image when this two idea bump together, how much chaos it go forth make. The Malaysian have stay in this juncture for over 50 years, it is necessary to identify briefly the protagonism of various positions on discipline identicalness. First, i go out discuss virtually what is National Identity, And past i go a representation explore how the Malaysias scud application construt the image of Malaysians National Identity, And how the image change through the decade.What is National Identity.National undividedity is a complex idea,National identity erase difference by expansive a set of attri fur in that locations on all menbers of the nation and unwilling ness to accept all these attri entirelyes threatens identity and at that placefo re threatens expulsion from that community.(p62)The idea of erase all the difference doesnt mean to erase other culture, but erase any other identity that create by any individual group in the country be ground these are a author that will cause expulsion . National identity is unmatchable idea that can accept by all the individual group, and gather them in to one voice.National identity is only one of the many social identities available for citizens of multi ethnic countries such as Malaysia.National identity has a central role in promoting peaceful ethnic sexual congresss. (Malini ratnasigam, p3)In the book Ethnic likeness back and Nation Building Malini Ratnasingam claim that the bailiwick identity is the best form of identity should adapt by the Malaysian, beacause the other social identity content too much category that will tear the Malaysian into many individual pieces, but national identity will last well for the Malaysian, Because nation are crossed by those diffe rences , a force of unite, a sense of be farsighteding and nationess.So now we go out what is national identity. But now the suspense is who should decide what is our identity? At the begining of this dissertation, there are the arguement nearly chosing which idea shall we adapt, Assimilation or Pluralism?The nation is imagined because the members of even off the smallest nation will never know just about of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion. ( benedict Anderson, p60)From the quote Benedict Anderson belieave that the nation is about all the member, even the smallest nation. National identity is a image that can imagined by every single nation. But In the book Cultural Contestatation author Zawahi Ibrahim disagree with andersons concept and suggested that the identity formation takes place within what he would call a two social reality which are authority-defined social reality, one which is authori tatively defined by people who are part of the dominant power structure. The second is everyday-defined social reality, one which is experienced by people in the course of thier everday life. These two social realities exist side by side at any given time. (Zawahi Ibrahim, 1998 ,pg18) The identity is a duologue between these two social reality.How Malaysia get hold of Indutry construt Malaysians National identityThe Malaysian deal indutry was founded on Chinese money,Indian imagination and Malay labour(Hamzah hussin,1994 ,p105)Although outside the screen, there are wonderful mullti cross ethnic relation on the word picture production, but al nearly all the charge are Malay movies. The only involvement that actually can handle as multi racial is the Old malay movie industry have strong influnce from indian bollywood style beacuse of the director, but very less of them had sincerely mention about the multi ethnicity or ghost equivalent relation.I chose to call this book 120 malay movie, because more than half of the movies were made before Malaysia was even created.(Plus they were made in Singapore) So what they have common were the languague and ethnic milieu they stagecased. (120Malay movie , p26)The autor of 120 Malay Movie clearly state that the early film industry in Malaysia cant even consider Malaysias movie, It is only presented the early life of Malay in Malaysia, it maybe a very well materials for the Malaysias Malay identity, but obviously not suite the idea of National identity.But now it raise a question ,if the national indentity include everything, dont the Malay culture in addition part of the national identity? Yes, but now we talking about how the film industry help construt the national identity, at the old time, the Malay film are totally dominanted the film industry, which give an idea of the impression of the nation have owned by Malay, In the film Tajul Ashikin (see soma 1) there was a scene where two men try to peddle thier wares, but thier voices are drowned out by a newly arrived Chinese team that is whirl dental services.This shows the Malay fear of being displaced in their own attain by new arrivals who attend to be much better at buiness. (p25,120Malay Movie) blueprint 1 Tajul Ashikin by M AminBut at that time, the stark stinting disparity between Malay peasants and Chinese merchants didnt seem to have undue semipolitical repercussions because the populationwas sparse and times were good (120 Malay p269). So the movie show the worry of the Malay reign instead of promoting peaceful ethnic relations. With this idea, it help to destroy the national identity instead of construt it.But still there is some exception.There is still some other racial tension pop up in these movie. On the film Mahsuri which rel solace in 1959 (see fiugre 2), there was a part about a barbaric indian teasing by the Malays about his skin colour. (p165) The plot is meant to be funny, in fact, it was directed by an India n. Ethnic conflict often issue in Malaysian daily life, we can not revoke it, but we can face it with great attitude. This plot showed an attitude to face the difference between every ethnic, just laugh at it.Figure 2 Mahsuri by BM RaoThe next film that have the multi ethnicity it is Ali Baba Pucang Lapok directed by Malaysian silver-screen legend P. Ramlee at 1960, P.Ramlee are one of the minority inside that can create the sense of Malaysianness in the movie in the decade. The movie itself are deliberate mish-mash of culture, inside the movie you can see different kind of culture image. But the most surprise scene will be when the Chinese trader being asked how long he have lived in the area, he coif that he have lived here for 80years, he not only counted his own 50 years age, but add up his father.(see figure 3)Figure 3 The Chinese trader said that his father lived there 30 years before he borned.This blurs the line between immigrant and native and it is precisely this blur ring that must detain untill all Malaysian feel they have the same stake in the nation. (p26, 120 Malay Movie)It is but seen a movie have such multi culture in Malay old film. The national identity is to create a sense of nation, it only can be done when the have the idea that the land doesnt owned by anyone, but they were all born equal in this place. This movie conquestfully salve the message. and helped construct the sense of nation, althought it is only one victimize scene, but it is still a big tread for the Malaysias industry at the decade.Another film also directed by P.Ramlee Sesudah Sebuh (see figure 4), The most multi heathenish cast we have ever seen. said the Author of 120 Malay Movie Amir Muhammad. The primary(prenominal) cast include the 3 main race of Malaysian, Melayu, Cina and indian. And a conversation in the movie, create am ideal racial integration, In a bookshop by a customer to the owner until now though youre Malay and im Chinese, we are both Malaysi ans. And Malaysians have a duty to help each other. The judgement cant be more clear, its simple and directly accuseing the ideal without any decoration.Figure 4- Sesudah Sebuh directed by P.RamleeAlthough there are some more film that really promotiong the ideal natiaonal identity for Malaysian, but these fig are still only a drop in the bucket. There are still grayback a part to fill the whole bucket. But atleast we can see the root of the idea of national identity growing inside.When it come to 1970s, the idea of multic value orientation face a challenge. The 513 sequent had drag the ethic relation into crisis situation. The racial riots led to a declaration of a state of national emergency. The riot enkindled the capital Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding area of Selangor, Malay mobs, wearing white headbands signifying an alliance with death, and brandishing swords and daggers, surged into Chinese areas in the capital, burning, plunder and killing. In retaliation, Chinese , sometimes aided by Indians, armed themselves with pistols and shotguns and struck at Malay kampongs (villages). Huge pillars of potty rose skyward as houses, shops and autos burned.( http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html)Tunku Abdul Rahmans multiracial style of government was successful until serious and widespread anti-Chinese riots broke out in May 1969. These riots followed a fall in comport for the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) in the federal election and were indicative of Malay resentment of the economic success of the Chinese business community. (http//www.city.com.my/malaysia-hi drool.htm)After the incident, the gorvernment came up a serial of policy that surpress the other ethnic, in order to restructure Malaysian society.The UMNO-dominated states aggressive attempt to conflate the nations linguistic identity with Malays status as the sole nationaal and official language threatened the constitutionally sanctioned freeedom to use thi er mother tongue.(Milthiethnic, pg220)The pro-Malay policy. The most significant result of the events of May 1969 was an attempt, announced in the five-year plan (1971-75), to restructure Malaysian society. The aim was to raise the percent of ethnic-Malay-owned businesses from 4% to 30% by 1990, and to extend the use of pro-Malay (bumiputra) affirmative-action quota systems for university entrance and company employment. Economic expansion, it was hoped, would greatly ease this redistributive process and at the same time offer the opportunity to eliminate poverty among all Malaysians. (http//www.city.com.my/malaysia-hi report card.htm)The National Cultural policy(NCP) was formulated at a congress held at the University of Malaya in August 1971, and the announced Policy consisted of three main principles.The national culture of Malaysia must be based on the cultures of the people endemical to the regionElements from other cultures,which are suitable and reasonable may be incorpora ted into the natioonal culture andIslam will be an important element in the national culture. (Mohad Talib Osman, pg95 )All of these policy indirectly influence the relation between ethnic, all the unequal act make the ethnic hatred grown day by day. Causing the idea of national identity exit changging. The change of the society have brought into the film industry , the multi ethnic that rarely seen from the film before 1970s completely obliterate after these policy untill new-made years. Before then we have Malay culture dominant film industry.The segregate can also see from the statistics that correlate cinema atendance by ethnic groupwith the national or language origin of the film being viewed. (see figure 5) spoken languageEthinicMalayChineseIndian/OtherMalay23%0%1%Chinese7%81%0%Indian34%1%83%English35%18%16%Figure 5 Language dispersion of cinema attendance by ethinic group (1979)The quetion of the cultural identity of Malaysian film is a constant issue, even for the least culturally mind film producer, since it is related to the need to attract a broad-spectrum auditory modality.It is still the case that more than 90% of audience for Malaysian films is Malay (Malaysia Cinema Asian film, pg154)From the statistic we can see that Bahasa Melayu cinema is a weak cultural force, despite the Malays being the most powerful political force in the counry. At that time, The chinese usually watch the Hongkong or Taiwanese films or the second choice will be the English Language film, but not Bahasa Malayu film. The same situation happen with the Indian autience.cinema is probably the most raciallly segregate activity in the country today(Mansor bin Puteh, 1990, pg154)On top we discuss about crisis of ethnic realation that cause restrict the multi ethnic movie culture. In 1981, the idea of Malay sovereignty that set by the gorvernment start to invade the movie industry. National movie theatre Development Corporation (FINAS) was established in 1981 to encour age the information of the local industry.ensure that a sizeable portion of the total volume of buimess done in the production, distribution and exhibition sectors would be handled by Malays(Baharudin Latif, 1981, pg150)Control and restrict from the gorvernment have cause the other ethnic have demoralise chance to make their own movie, and also restricted the creativity of theme or topic. All of these breastwork had bring the Malaysia film industry far away from their Golden age in 1950s -1960s.Film are censored or banned if it oppose government polucy or encourage anti-gorvernment feeling animate communism and socialism glorify any particular race while denigrating others gloriy crime and immorality deal with sadism, cruelty and excessive violence insult public dignity and show behavior not acceptable to Malaysian society (Mohd Hamdan Bin Haji Adnan, 1991)These policy had make the Malaysian confuse and question about thier naional identity, the policy have succesfully incite the desire of Malay that persuit for Malay sovereignty, the other ethnic like chinese and indian felt betray by the country, when there is no nation pride in them, the National identity become dominant by the Malay, and become the image that shown by the Movie industry, but it is not the image that the nation share along, from (figure 5) we can see the local Malay film have not accepted by the other ethnic. so it is not a National identity of that decade, the film on that decade have lose the concept of being a National cinema.The cinema is then a mean of speech the nation in all its constructed uniqueness. The connection between speaking the nation and selling the nation become all the more invitable when the rhetoric of both nationlism and marketing emphasize qualities of uniqueness, specialness and patriotism. The term representing the nation there fore accuires and ecmonomic as well as an analytical and cultural accusing it is not just how a cinema represents the nation, but also how successfully it does so. (Malaysia Cinema , pg 107)New Malaysian FilmThe decade of Malaysian film might look like a decade that have controled by Malay, and their the relation with other ethnic race doesnt seem well. Althought the realation between the different ethnic group are peaceful in decade before 1960s, but the policy in 1970s created an long fight between ethnic group.Race has always been an issue in my country, even before independence but never has it been as serious and divisive as it is today.Almost every issue is seen from the perspectivve of race to the point where it is impossible to obtain a consensus of public opinion on any issue(Kee Thuan Che,1993,p57)But where there is pressure, where there is resistance. The serious situation also created a trend, Never has it been as desire as today, people hunt for the unity of the Nation. In the book Found in Malaysia have interviewed 54 influential Public figure who have different race, religion, culture, gender, sexual,genarational and political. But when it come to the question Describe what kind of Malaysia you whould like for yourself and future generation? They all gave a same answer in many different way, but in the end, the main idea is the same.All of us regardless of racial/ethnic, regious, class and linguistic backgrounds, share one thing in common we are all Malaysian citizens and we call this country our home and care for its future. We fantasy of future Malaysia that is equal to all, but takes into acount ourparticular wants, needs and aspirations and at the same time, is able to cater to the needs of others check to an inclusive logic of equal representation and equal right.(Azizi Khan, 2004, pg475)The idea become a trend, and start to appear in the recent ten years. Beacuse the inrternet have start to cover all the new genaration daily life. earnings is one of the most powerful sources in human history, the information can share in rapid speed, milllion of personal narra tives or popular forms of mouthion which help construt the everyday-defined social reality was shared everyday. Causing the brace between the authority-defined social reality and everyday-defined social reality started to change. So we will start from Malaysia Independence Film Industry, which have well used the internet as a state for them to spread thier idea and story . The first lawsuit for indipendence film is the Project 15 Malaysia .15Malaysia is a short film project. It consists of 15 short films made by 15 Malaysian filmmakers. These films not only deal with socio-political issues in Malaysia, they also gas some of the best-known faces in the country, including actors, musicians and top political leaders. You may think of them as funky small-minded films made by 15 Malaysian voices for the people of Malaysia. ( http//15malaysia.com/)From the project name we can know that this film is dedicate to show 15 kind of story that happened in Malaysia. I going to take a few of them into discusstion. First i will start with the personal narrative story. House is a story about an indian family forced by the capitalist to give up their house for development, and also show the feeling of the indian kid(Rama) toward the house is more then a house, but a family.(see figure 6) The story attempt to explore the story inside the slums usually the indian race who have many family allow with these problem in order to let the audience find the country more.Figure 6 Rama express his feeling about the house.We will strat from Yasmin Ahmadm (see figure 6), Malaysias famous film director, writter and scriptwriter, in Malaysia, most of the ethnic used to avoid each other but inevitably bump together, no one can avoid, because this is just what live in Malaysia are look like, And most of her film are challenging the moment when different ethnic bump together, she narrate the spark of the moment and turn in into a moving picture. When most of the popular cultures movie de liberately avoid the ethnic conflict, her films break the boundary between ethnic and religion. She concentrate on on sensation and the kin between people, narate and present the story in a human perspective, not in Malay, Chinese or Indian, but back to the origin human emotion. It makes the audience to rethink about politic, religion and social issues in indirectly ways. The more we understand each other, the less we affraid.She is an ambassador of unity. An individual with amazing foresight who work has bridged all the races in the country. Great loss to the nation and the creative world.( Chandran Ravi. http//entertainment.malaysia.msn.com/photos/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=5080081page=13)Figure 6 Yasmin AhmadYasmin Ahmad first movie Sepet(see figure 7) is a story about a Chinese male child fall in love with a Malay girl. This might look normal in outside country, but the relation between Chinese and Malay is not simple.Figure 7 SepetThe relation between Chinese and Malay a lways been complicate, that hatred between both of this race happen before incident 513, when in World war 2, the Japan invade and ruled this country for over 3 years. on that period, the Japanese surpress the Chinese but treated the Malay adeptly and even form a Malay army to defence againts the communist, but who is communist? At that time many Chinese were the communist, the root of shun were start from here, and Malays fear of get replace by the Chinese in the econimic, then is the 513 incident, the unequal policy, Chinese fear of forced to join muslim if married a muslim and etc.All of these caused the relation between this two race are always controvertial. In the movie Sepet that is a scene the Protagonists(Jason) friend try to persuade Jason the relation between him and Heroine(Orked) is forbiden. Which clearly potrait the mind set of Chinese about the relationship of the interacial couple. (See figure 8 ).Figure 8 Keong (left) advices Jason not to get involved in relatio nship with Malay girls.Yasmin Ahmad used the usageal perception of Malaysians and confronted it in her movie. It cant be denied that she used a very creative way to show the relationship between history culture and innocent love.Malay films seldom touch on on taboo topics like alcohol, dog, prostitution, suicide, etc. Many of the Malay films only showed the good side. Much of the time, they are hindered by those issues. But Yasmin Ahmad used reverse psychology to bring out the negative issues, because there are many grey areas to investigate in Malaysian culture. The following are some of the taboos in Malay tradition that is shown in the movie Muallaf (2007). A Muslim woman who despaired on her marriage ended up taking her own life by suicide. Young Malays play and get drunk in a snooker room. An Islam teacher touched a dog on his way to mosque. A sincere Malay Muslim girl works in a pub at night. These issues are a challenge to the traditional Malay society.However, the tasks th at she undertakes must be lawful from the point of view of Islam. She must not work as a dancer, a model, a barmaid, a waitress, a film actress, a musician, or a prostitute to sell her femininity in order to make money, even with the consent of her husband. (A. Rahman I. Doi, 1990147).Yasmin Ahmads movies use the tippy issues faced by Malays as a discussion. Talking about bare-ass issues is very challenging, especially on ethnicity. But it depends on how the director presented it. How much can the audience accept it, based on the issues?Yasmin Ahmand film has a power of introspection, Yasmin Ahmad film dig into the confilct between ethnic group instead of try to avoild these sensitive issue like other, Yasmin Ahmad bring the conflict right into audience eye without beautify it, only with the simplest emotion of human being, a way that lead us to undestand empathy. Only when Malaysian strong enough to really face themselves, then we can form our Identity Honestly.The next case will be confrontation of Yasmin Ahmad film.Yasmin Ahmad film represent the reality side of ethnic conflict, now we are going to see the Malaysian utopia. Nasi Lemak 2.0(see figure 9) is directed by a controversial public figure Namewee, who have temper the national anthem and content with rasict, critic to gorvenment and religion in 2007. The poesy Negarakuku drag the attention of public, Public reaction towards the song is split, Immediate reactions in the form of YouTube comments range from being critical, in fair agreement, support, attacks and threats towards Wee. He became One of the most haterd public figure by the Malay ethnic at that time.Figure 8 Nasi Lemak 2.0Nasi Lemak2.0 is the first Malaysian film that did not target one of the three population groups as its audience. And succesfully hit 7million ringgit gross. The movie is have many plot that content the relation between the different ethnic for example the shimmery non-Muslim students unable to enroll into universit ies, authorities bias in favour of Malays, Chinese educated citizens speak misfortunate English, immigrants issues, Hang Tuahs unsolved identity mystery, English educated Chinese lack of confidence in speaking Chinese language, Kuala Lumpur a busy and unsettling city, some non-Chinese could speak better Chinese, mix of Indian and chinese song, and culture of Baba and Nyonya.Different with Yasmin Ahmad film, althought in Nasi Lemak2.0 there is still some ethnic conflict, but most of the time, it show a utopia of how Malaysia ethnic group interact with each other, and create a whole new kind of culture. The song Curry Neh (see figure 9 ) in the movie, mixed the chinese and indian culture, There is more example like, the Malay chef principle chinese matial art Taichi at the park (see figure 10) or the chinese tradition song sing with english lyric(figure 11). Attempt to question why cant a specific ethnic learn the culture of other ethnic.Figure 9 Curry NehFigure 10 Malay teaching TaichiFigure 11 Tradition Chinese song sing with English LyricThe film was success because the intereact of different ethnic causing resonance among the Malaysian, the way of acting and some humour about the Malaysias gorvernment or stereotyping of ethnic is what Malaysia face in daily life.The second film of Namewee is Hantu gangster (see figure 12). The film detain the style of Nasi Lemak 2.0. Hantu gangster attempt to send the message of Nation unity before 1970s, and question about why todays ethnic relation become worst. The film style is same with Nasi Lemak2.0 The idea is the same but only the story had change, there are many ethnic intereact like Chinese only understand Malay when it speak in chinese accent, a Taoist priest that know different religion style of exorcism, a parody of the 513 incident, and a Indian Party song with Malay, Mandarin, Hokkien, Tamil lyric, etc. These ethnic mixture is what Malaysian Interested, although reality might not be the same, but from th e sucess of these film we can see the future that Malaysian persuit, the future that Malaysian image.Figure 12 Hantu Gangster 2012ConclusionMalaysia is a infantile country, there is many thing we have to experience to understand what are we today, what will be out future. Today Malaysia is in a turning point, where the politic have a new Atmosphere which will directly influence the authority-definedsocial reality. And the development of internet, liberty of speech help people to understand their capability, have the way to stand up and express thier emotion and their story, i believe in the future, when the authority-defined and the everyday-defined have found a way to line up, Malaysian will no longer quetion their identiry.Referenceshttp//www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Anderson.html (benicdic anderson)

Depression Anxiety in Older Adults: Gaps in the Knowledge

Depression trouble in Older Adults Gaps in the KnowledgeDepression and anxiousness in Older AdultsAre there gaps in current knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment?Introduction kind wellness problems in senior adults can ca ingestion a massive social impact, oftentimes delivery about poor quality of life, isolation and exclusion. Depression is unmatchable of the most debilitating mental health discommodes worldwide, affecting approximately 7% of the elderly population (Global Health Data Exchange, 2010). Despite this, it is also one of the most underdiagnosed and undertreated conditions in the primary portion out setting. Even with estimates of approximately 25% of over 65s living in the community having depressive symptoms severe enough to warrant medical intervention, only one terce discuss their symptoms with their GP. Of those that do, only 50% receive treatment as symptoms of picture within this population often coincide with other later life problems ( IAPT, 2 009 population Health Organisation (WHO), 2004).Chapter 2 Literature inspection2.1 Depression and Anxiety in older adultsMany misconceptions surround ageing including the fact that depression is a normal part of the ageing process. Actual evidence indicates that other material health issues often replace the presentation of depressive symptoms in older adults which may suggest that the rearment of depression is highly influenced by deteriorating physical health (Baldwin, 2008 Baldwin et al, 2002). Depression may present diametrically in older adults in comparison to adolescents or even working age adults. Although the same disorder may be present throughout different stages of the lifespan, in older adults certain symptoms of depression may be accentuated, such as somatic or psychotic symptoms and memory complaints, or suppressed, such as the feelings of sadness, in comparison to younger people with the same disorder (Baldwin, 2008 Chiu, Tam Chiu, 2008). OConnor et al (2001 ) carried out a get wind into the influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy and found that when confounding variables are controlled (age at the beginning of a study), there is no difference in the remission rates for depression in both younger and older adults, however, relapse rates remain higher for older adults. Backing this up, Brodaty et al (1993) conducted a qualitative naturalistic study into the prognosis of depression in older adults in comparison to younger adults and again affirm that the prognosis and remission for depression in older adults is non significantly worse than for younger adults. However, the bad weather of a qualitative naturalistic study is argued by proponents as being value-laden in nature, while criticisms of this study approach highlight it as being subjective, anecdotal and subject to researcher bias (Koch, 2006).In growth to depression, anguish disorders are also common among older adults, often present ing as a comorbid condition. In 2007, 2.28 cardinal people were diagnosed as having an dread disorder, with 13% of those individuals aged 65 and over. By 2026, the projected number of people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is expected to rise by 12.7% to 2.56 million with the greatest increase expected to be seen in the older adult population (Kings Fund, 2008). Despite the prevalence rate, anxiety is poorly researched in comparison to other psychiatric disorders in older people (Wetherell et al, 2005). Of the anxiety disorders, phobic disorders and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are the two most common in older people (Bryant et al, 2008). It wasnt until 1980 that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of kind Disorders (DSM) 3rd Edition which introduced mouth Anxiety Disorder (GAD) into the psychiatric nomenclature, distinguishing it from other anxiety disorders for the first time (APA, 1980). MCManus et al (2009) esti mate that in England alone, as many as 4.4% of people in England suffer with GAD with prevalence rates in the midst of 1.2 and 2.5 times higher for women than men (Prajapati, 2012).Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has received more clinical interest lately, correlating with individuals from the flash World War, Holocaust and Vietnam Veterans reaching or being well into old age and increasing reference of PTSD. Despite this, data relating to prevalence rates still remains limited with research tending to revolve about on specific populations as opposed to community figures, for example, with regards to UK war veterans, approximately 30% will develop PTSD (pickingupthepieces.org.au, 2014). Unfortunately, stigma tends to misrepresent PTSD statistics as sufferers tend not to seek diagnosis or researcher bias is present. Britt (2000) found that many service personal within the military utter that admitting to a mental health problem was not only more stigmatising that admitting to a physical health problem but they also believed it would have a more detrimental impact on their flight prospects. Furthermore, Mueller (2009) conducted a study into disclosure attitudes in which it was concluded that these attitudes can strongly predict symptom severity. With this in mind, it is important to stress the importance of practicing within the limits of NMC (2008) code of conduct in which unconditional positive regards essential be show by all nursing staff whilst incorporating a non-bias attitude in practice.Anxiety and depression comorbidity is well established. A longitudinal study, noted for its beneficial adaptability in enabling the researcher to depend at changes over time, conducted by Balkom et al (2000) found that in a random community judge of adults (55 and older), who were diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder, 13% also met the criteria of major depressive disorder (MDD). Adding weight to the evidence of anxiety and depression comorbidity in older adults, Schaub (2000) who also conducted a longitudinal study, found that 29.4% of a sample of older adults in a German community met the criteria for a depressive disorder. Longitudinal studies are thought to vary in their inclemency due to the attrition of randomly assigned participants during the course of the study, thus producing a final sample that is not a true representation of the population sampled (Rivet-Amico, 2009).King-Kallimanis, Gum and Kohn (2009) examined current and lifetime comorbidity of anxiety with depression. Within a 12 month period they found 51.8% of older adults with MDD in the United States also met the diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. There is evidence to suggest that the first presentation of anxiety symptoms in older adults suggests an underlying depressive disorder (Chiu et al, 2008). Unfortunately, comorbid anxiety and depression in older adults is associated with much higher risks of suicidal symptoms (Bartels et al, 2002 Lenze et al, 2000) in addition to change magnitude reports of more severe psychiatric and somatic symptoms and poorer social functioning when compared to depression alone (Lenze et al, 2000 Schoevers et al, 2003).2.2 Diagnosis and back ToolsAPP TO PRACTICEDementia, along with depression and other priority mental disorders are included in the WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). This programme aims to improve care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders through providing guidance and tools to develop health services in resource poor areas.Synthesis and example of empirical research is an important aspect of evidence-based care. Only within the context of the holistic assessment, can the highest quality of care be achieved.ReferencesBaldwin, R., Chiu, E., Katona, C., and Graham, N. 2002. Guidelines on depression in older people Practising the evidence. London Martin Dunitz Ltd.Baldwin, R. 2008. Mood disorders depressive disorders. In Jacob R et al, Oxford Textbook of Ol der Age Psychiatry. Oxford Oxford University Press.Balkom, V., Beekman , A., de Beurs, E., et al. Comorbidity of the anxiety disorders in a community-based older population in the Netherlands Online. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101(-). Pp 3745. unattached at https//www-swetswise-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/FullTextProxy/swproxy?url=http//onlinelibrary.wiley.coc/resolve/doi/pdf?DOI=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001037.xts=1409279416128cs=1533436201userName=0000884.ipdireciemCondId=884articleID=25446758yevoID=1585273titleID=2498remoteAddr=131.251.137.64hostType=PRO Accessed 29th sublime 2014.Bartels, S., Coakley, E., Oxman, T., et al. 2002. Suicidal and death ideation in older primary care patients with depression, anxiety, and at-risk alcohol use. American journal of Psychiatry.159(10) pp.417427.Brodaty, H., Harris, L., Peters, K., Wilhelm, K., Hickie, I., Boyce, P., Mitchell, P., Parker, G., and Eyers, K. 1993. prospect of depression in the elderly. A comparison with younger patients Online. The British daybook of Psychiatry 163(-) pp589-596. Available at http//bjp.rcpsych.org/content/163/5/589BIBL Accessed 27th August 2014.Chiu, H., Tam,W., and Chiu, E. 2008. WPA educational program on depressivedisorders Depressive disorders in older persons. World Psychiatric Association (WPA).Kings Fund. 2008. Paying the price The cost of mental health care in England to 2026 Online. London Kings Fund. Available at http//www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/Paying-the-Price-the-cost-of-mental-health-care-England-2026-McCrone-Dhanasiri-Patel-Knapp-Lawton-Smith-Kings-Fund-May-2008_0.pdf Accessed 17th August 2014.Koch, T. 2006. Establishing rigour in qualitative research the decision trail. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53(1) pp. 91-100Lenze, E., Mulsant, B., Shear M, et al. 2000. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depress elderly patients Online. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(-) pp.722728. Available at http//ajp.psychiatryonline.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/data/Journals/AJP/3712/722 .pdf?resultClick=3 Accessed 29th August 2014.OConnor, M., Knapp, R., Husain, M., et al. 2001. The influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy a CORE report. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 9(-) pp. 382390Rivet-Amico, K. 2009. Percent Total Attrition A Poor Metric for Study Rigor in Hosted Intervention Designs Online. American Journal of Public Health 99(9) pp 1567-1575. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724469/ Accessed 22nd August 2014.Schaub, R., Linden, M. 2000. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the old and very oldresults from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE) Online. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 41(-) pp 4854. Available at http//ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0010440X00800085/1-s2.0-S0010440X00800085-main.pdf?_tid=25fb884e-2f25-11e4-ae4a-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1409279912_0012d28347b6791e31a8b5199f3daaa1 Accessed 29th August 2014.Schoevers, R., Beekman, A., Deeg, D., et al. 2003. The natural history of late-life depre ssion results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL) Online. Journal of Affective Disorders.76(1) pp 514. Available at http//ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0165032702000605/1-s2.0-S0165032702000605-main.pdf?_tid=1814aa80-2f34-11e4-a381-00000aab0f27acdnat=1409286331_4cb7efb58af9c004b37dc4825f8831d5 Accessed 19th August 2014.

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Essay

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics showPh.D. Thesis Abhijit NathIntroductionIntroductionThe wealth of information in atoms and molecules can be achieved from quantum mechanical studies of their structural as well as motley physical and chemical properties. Based on quantum mechanics 1-7, bear-sized number of approximation methods has been developed over the years for the complete solutions of atomic and molecular systems. Now-a-days, the availability of the reckoner hardware and software has been increased enormously. In addition, a large number of suitable computational methodologies and algorithms stick been developed over the years for solutions of realistic problems in different branches of physics/chemistry. Making the use of the index number of the present generation computers as well as computational methodologies and algorithms, we can perform large master research just by performing high level quantum mechanical computations as an alternate lance of experiment. The se high level computations some time meet the requirement for realistic problems in different branches in physics, crimson in atomic and molecular physics. Many complex molecules like drugs are designed on computer in modern days. Such computational attempts are helpful to the data-basedists because with the help of the hypothetic approximation achieved form these computer simulations, they can perform the real synthesis of these complex molecules in laboratories with issue much difficulties. Sometimes, it may non be possible to synthesize certain molecular systems which are very much liquid or poisonous or explosive in nature. But then one can deliver out speculative calculations and computations to explore their structure and various properties without handling them in reality. Because of the availability of the faster and cheaper computer hardware, as well as a variety of suitable algorithms, theoretical investigations of various physical and chemical properties of these molecules are now become less expensive and easier. It is well known to scientific community that present-day(a) atomic and molecular spectroscopic studies require very expensive spectrometers and other sophisticated instruments for getting results with coveted accuracy. But one can carry out theoretical and computation based spectroscopic studies of even complicated atomic and molecular systems with utmost accuracy without taking any help of such mental of sophisticated and expensive instruments. Moreover, the interpretation and understanding of every experimental finding needs the knowledge of theoretical background. It is, therefore, essential to carry out theoretical studies beside each and every experiment, wherever possible, to ensure the validity of the experimental findings.Classical mechanics 8 can explain accurately the dynamical features of the intentions of relatively large bargain and downcast velocities. But it is not sufficient to describe the interactions among subatomic particles of colliding galaxies. If the velocity of the quarry is comparable with that of light, one moldiness use Einsteins relativistic mechanics in which the variation of mass with velocity has been taken into consideration. If the mass of the object is very small, the non relativistic quantum mechanics due to Heisenberg and Schrdinger is applicable. If the mass is very small but the velocity of the object is comparable with the velocity of light, one should use the relativistic quantum mechanics developed by Dirac 9. Therefore, depending on the mass and velocity of the object, one should employ the appropriate mechanics for determining its dynamical features.The computations of large systems may, therefore, be carried out by using appropriate mechanics. Because of the advancement of the computer hardware and software technology, one can well carry out these computations. Sometimes, huge computations may have to be performed in this connection. One has to solve secon d order differential equations with several million variables. However, suitable techniques are available to reduce the size of the secular equations drastically at the cost of some accuracy and hence large-scale computations can be performed successfully.The electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of atoms, molecules and solids can be determined from quantum mechanical solutions 10-14 of the systems. Atoms and molecules in the electronic structure surmisal are in stationary states. The time dependence of the wave function can thus be separated so that one needs to work only with time-independent solutions. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which allows the nuclei to be in fixed co-ordinates during the deed of electrons, is usually employed for the calculation of the electronic structure of molecules. It is, therefore, possible to carry out calculations on specialized molecules of physical and chemical interest with the aim of getting structural aspects and spectroscopic properties which otherwise may not be obtain from the experimental work. In many cases, the experimental data may be understand from the computational results.The velocity of the interacting particles in lighter atoms and molecules is considered to be negligible compared to the velocity of light. So, one may not include the relativistic do as they are negligibly small. But for the calculations of the heavier atoms and molecules, the relativistic corrections are essential and hence one must use the relativistic quantum chemistry 15-17. It requires a modification of the non relativistic Hamiltonian with various relativistic correction terms such as mass-velocity correction, spin-orbit correction, Drawin correction, Breit interaction etc. Actually, after the discovery of the conjecture of special relativity, relativistic effects on the electronic spectra of atoms and molecules become very much important. The relativistic effects are prominent on the electronic spectra of those mol ecules / their ions for which the nuclear charges of the constituent atoms are large i.e. when atoms with high Z are present. So, in order to obtain accurate spectroscopic features of voiceless or moderately heavy molecules / their ions, one must take the various relativistic effects into account in an efficient way. A number of algorithms have been developed in recent years in these connections along with enormous enhancement in computing power. Therefore, the challenge is to exploit these developments to perform the high level computation based theoretical researches work which becomes an alternative to the experimental physical chemical researches.References1 L. Pauling, E.M. Wilson, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1935.2 H. Eyring, J. Walter, G. E. Kimball, Quantum Chemistry, Wiley, bracing York, 1944.3 J. P. Lowe, Quantum Chemistry , Academic Press, New York, 1978.4 D. A. Mcquarrie, Quantum Chemistry, University Science, Mill Valley Calif, 1983.5 P. W. Atkins , Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983.6 F. L. Pillar, Elementary Quantum Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.7 I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, Printice-Hall, N. J. , 1991.8 H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addition-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1950.9 P. A. M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, Oxford, 1958.10 R. G. Parr, Quantum Theory of Moleculer electronic Structure, Benjamin, New York, 1963.11 J. A. Pople, D. L. Beveridge, Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.12 J. N. Murrell, A. J. Harget, Semiempirical Self-Consistent-Field Molecular Orbital Theories of Molecules, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971.13 R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, diatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1977.14 R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, Polyatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1981.15 P. Pyykk, Relativistic Theory of Atoms and Molecules, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1986.16 K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic cause in Chemistry develop A. Theory and Techniques, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997.17 K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry Part B. Applications to molecules and Clusters, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997.

Sickle Cell Anaemia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Sickle Cell Anaemia Causes, Symptoms and TreatmentsBlood sickness is a disorder or affection which entrust affect genius or more parts of the agate line, preventing our split from performing its job in an effective rate. Sometimes, it is also known as kind disorder (Martin, E.A., ed., 2010). Nowadays, in that respect ar many graphic symbols of melody diseases and they atomic number 18 growing public health problems affecting many countries, races and also ethnic groups. They whoremasternister be classified ad into acute or chronic. Some of the them ar genetical and can stick death.Sickle carrelphone anemia (SCD) is a serious inherited ancestral condition which affects the hemoglobin molecule within the red ink ink blood cells. It is a condition in which there are lack of healthy and general red blood cells to admit sufficient oxygen throughout our bodies. The mess with reaping hook cell anemia commonly establish deformed red blood cells which look like reaping hooks or crescent moons (Mayo Clinic, 2011). This is be travail the sickle cells cut back hemoglobin S or sickle haemoglobin which is an abnormal haemoglobin (MedlinePlus, 2010). The unusual C shaped cells which look like a set up tool called sickle give the disease its name (CDC, 2011). The alternative call for sickle cell anemia are sickle cell disease or sickle cell disorder, haemoglobin SS disease and HbS disease (NHLBI.NIH, 2011) .Today, millions of pile hold been diagnosed with sickle cell disease. This type of blood disease is some(prenominal) more common in Africa and Mediterranean (PubMed Health, 2012). About one of every 12 African Americans will carry the sickle cell trace in a persons genes (MedlinePlus, 2012). Apart from that, it is estimated that 90 000 to 100 000 people in the United States mainly swarts or African Americans are affected by sickle cell anemia. About one of every 500 Black newborns and one out of every 36 000 Hispanic-American newborn s will consent this blood disease (CDC, 2011).There are two risk factors that can annex the chances of getting sickle cell anemia which are inheritance and mutation. maiden of all, sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disease which the sickle cell gene will pass from propagation to generation. To have this disease, the faulty form of the gene must be inherited to a child from both(prenominal) of the parent. A child will have sickle cell trait if the sickle cell gene is passed from nevertheless one parent. A person is known as the carrier of sickle cell anemia if he or she has one normal haemoglobin gene and one defective form of the gene. In addition to, the defective gene can be passed to next generation and affect them. While, if both of the parent are carrier, a 50% chance of getting a child who is carrier, 25% chance of having a child who is normal and an other(prenominal) 25% chance of having a child with sickle cell anemia (FamilyDoctor.org, 2006). Besides, substitution is a kind of gene mutation which cause this blood disease to occur. The gene mutation is caused by the mutagens which are physical or chemical substances that can affects the genetic material of an organism. Hence, the person who always stays in environment with a lot of radiation or mutagen, he or she has higher risk of getting this disease (Gan Wan Yeat, 2010). This type of blood disease can be prevented if the married couples who both carry the sickle cell trait gene do not have any children. By doing this, the recessive gene will not passed from a generation to another generation .A normal person has haemoglobin A genes which are HbA. If the person who suffers from sickle cell disease, he or she has two haemoglobin S genes (HbS) which are inherited from both parent. These HbS genes are caused by the gene mutation. The base sequence in the DNA for the deduction of haemoglobin is changed by a single substitution. Hence, the glutamic acid codon is now or e lse of valine codon (BBC, 2010). When the oxygen content of an affected persons blood is low, the sickle cell hameoglobin will aggregate into long rods that deform red cells into a sickle or crescent shape which are abnormal haemoglobin (Reece, J.B., et. al., 2011). Besides, these sickle red blood cells are rigid and sticky. This results in less oxygen is delivered to the bodys tissues (MedlinePlus, 2012).The notes and signs of sickle cell anemia usually become more obvious afterward an infant is 4 months old and they are varying. The most common symptom of this disease is untellable events. They are sudden pain that happens in dissimilar parts of the body. This pain is also known as sickle cell crisis. Usually, the sickle cell crises can cause pain in the hands, bones, legs, stomach and so on. This is because the sickle cell get stuck in the small blood vessel as they travel, interrupting the healthy blood flow (National Marrow sponsor Program, 2007). People who suffer from s ickle cell anemia normally have anemia which will make them feel tired and weak. This is caused by the paucity of red blood cells. Furthermore, they will look pale (WebMD, 2010). Apart from that, the other symptoms of sickle cell anemia may include shortness of breath, blindness, delay growth, hand-foot syndrome and so on. If it is not treated, stroke, infections, acute chest syndrome and organ damage are the effects of sickle cell anemia (genomics.energy.gov, 2005).Bone marrow transfer is the only be cured _or_ healed for sickle cell anemia. However, it is difficult to find a donor who is matched with the recipient and the procedure has serious risks and can even cause death. There are many types of treatments for this blood disease including medication. Children with sickle cell anemia can be treated by using antibiotic penicillin in order to help prevent infections. While pain relieving medications are responsible in relieving pain during sickle cell crisis. The frequency of painful crisis also can be reduced using hydroxyuera. Moreover, blood transfusions are another type of treatments for sickle cell anemia. The blood transfusion can help to relieve anemia by increasing the number of normal blood cells in circulation (Mayo Clinic, 2011). This is because the sickle shaped cells live only 10 to 20 days which is much shorter than the normal red blood cells. Furthermore, a balanced diet is needed. The supplements of folic acid, vitamin D and zinc should be taken in order to help make new red blood cells. Alcohols and nance smokes should be avoided (FamilyDoctor.org, 2006).As a conclusion, sickle cell anemia is a chronic blood disease that cannot be underestimated. This is because there is no cure for the people with this blood disease. Nevertheless, there are many types of treatments and prognosis can help to prevent further problems which are associated with this blood disease. Prevention is fracture than cure. Hence, people from all walk of life shoul d working out handicap action to avoid them from getting this severe and rare disease.

Virgin Blue Holdings Limited SWOT Analysis

consummate(a) grisly Holdings special(a) swot up AnalysisAbout the fraternity everlasting(a) no-good Holdings Limited, an Australia-based compevery, is affect in the airline patience. The companys pieces include capacious and short hauls. The company owns a fleet comprising of 68 Boeing 737-700 800 series a enormous with Embraer E-170 and E-190 aircrafts. consummate(a) Blue Airlines functions approx 2100 courses per week to 24 national cities and centers and 8 outside(a) places including ports in Figi, brand-new Zealand, Tonga, Vanuatu, the Cook Island and Samoa. pure(a) Blue had been established in the year 2000 as wholly owned subsidiary of everlasting(a) Group. In 2002 Virgin, along with Partrick invested in the airline field. In the year 2008, Virgin Blue Holdings Limited came into existence and floated on the exchange for selling the keepings of Virgin Group. Virgin Blue Holdings main operation is in the airline trade in Australia, while it operates in air tran sportation and schedule sector also.SWOT Analysis Of Virgin Blue Holding Limited(S)trengthsMotivated focussing The management of the Virgin Blue Holding Limited is high-pitchedly make and continuously involved in value improvement process. A make team ensures giving its best to earn super pull aheads.Innovation The collective direct strategy of this company is innovation. This helps the company in preparing the niche segment for itself. excessively helps the company in having a upper hand everywhere competitor.Young staff Strength of Virgin Holding Limited lies in their staff which is comprised of young people. This depart increase their work efficiency and productivity, and gum olibanum lead to superior profit making.(W)eaknessesCapital Intensive Business Lines Virgin Blue Holdings business is highly a capital intensive business thus requiring managing of heavy investment and maintenance cost. The point to reach breakeven all overly is thus, longer than early(a)wise. Low return on investment The airline industry is highly volatile and cyclical in nature and usually seduce low return on investment.(O)pportunitiesNiche merchandise Instead of targeting the bulk to fly economy and certain business class crowd, the company targets the bookman and this segment has high growth opportunities.Less competitive market a nonher(prenominal) opportunity for the company is that this market is less competitive market and has high growth scope, and thus it would enable them to get the movers advantage and becoming market leader thereby earning super profit.Richard Branson Richard Branson passion for aircraft also helps in elaborateness of business.(T)hreatsExisting player Existing competitor nooky act as a threat for Virgin Blue and impact their market sh atomic number 18. Also there is a threat from the entry of new player.Air flight safety Another concern for airline industry is safety. This is the most greens sector for terrorist attack and any much(pr enominal) event can terminuss their business and brand to a greater extent.Key audit risks in general the audit risks are of three typesInherent RisksControl RisksDetection RisksThe chase are the key Audit risks-Revenue Recognition (Detection Risk) Identifying significant ratios such as Accounts receivables/Sales or Inventory/Cost of Goods Sold is important are these are predictive of negative events.Account affected favorableness Ratios.Expense Recognition (Detection Risk) Deferred long-term expense and exaggerated depreciation a lot distorts balance sheet. Checking of these ratios such as Selling GA Expenses to Operating Expenses YoY land and also comparing them with industry standards.Account affected Profitability Ratios.Asset-Liability evaluation (Detection Risk) Liquidity, Asset Turnover, Net Income/Equity, Leverage, Good lead, etc may be comparable with peer mathematical group and previous years.Account affected Asset Turnover Ratios and Liquidity Ratios.Directors ho lding position of Officers (Control Risk) As directors have fiduciary responsibilities towards the shareholders, they should not have positions that are subjected to conflict of interest.Account affected Dividend payments and other policies related to shareholders.The CEO and moderate are clear up (Control Risk) The roles of the CEO and Chairman are performed by separate people as the chairman would then be able to award the shareholders interest offend.Account affected Dividend payments and other policies related to shareholders.Stepping down of Virgins long term CEO Brett GodfreyEarlier in 2010 virgin long term CEO Brett Godfrey stepped down and was replaced by John Brochette. Due to change in CEO, the listeners need to properly emphasize or assess the following points transform in corporate governance Stepping down of the existing CEO can lead to corporate governance issues in organization. If the new CEO is not as effective, then it leads to bureaucracy and account manipula tion issues in an organization. The meeter needs to evaluate this area carefully.Accountability of board of director The auditor should make sure that same practices of accountability and displace is maintained in organization. There should not be any misappropriation or vituperate of funds available.Analysis of share holding pose change The auditor needs to analyze if there is any change in the shareholding pattern due to stepping down of the CEO. This will help in evaluating the existing reenforcement structure of the company and help in evaluating welfare of shareholder by maximization shareholders wealth. The auditor should properly investigate where the funds are world divested.Current Financial Information of Virgin Blue Holding LimitedNet profit after income tax for 6 month period, terminate 31/12/2009 was $62.5 million and that reflects $163.9 million more compared to the corresponding 6 month term ended 31/12/2008.The net profit of the period is made up ofIn these 6 months to 31/12/2009, the underlying OPs profit before tax went up by 34% and got profit of $80.1million.Basic EPS for the 6 months period ended 31/12/2009 had a profit of 3.3cents/share.Business segmentsVirgin Group has 2 segments, set forth below that are Groups business segment. The business segment offers different run and products, and managed separately as they need different types of aircraft. For each business segment, the k directledgeable management reports are reviewed on monthly by the board. The summary describes trading operations in each segmentShort haul Operations utilize short haul fleet by Boeing 737 aircraft Embraer 190 and 170 aircraft. This includes Australian, New Zealand, Trans-Tasman and Pacific Island flying.Long haul Operations that use Boeing 777 fleet. This predominantly comprises of Trans-Pacific flying.Partnerships of Virgin Blue Holdings LimitedEtihad signed a partnership with Virgin Blue Holdings LimitedAll Virgin Holding services will now be available also to the Etihad customers, by opening up of 44 destinations in Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, New Zealand, and Los Angles. The code share apprehension will come to effect right from October. As result of this deal, Virgin Australia is to survive as first Australian carrier operator to operate at the Middle East since 1991.Together with V Australia and Eithad Virgin Blue will be able to fly twenty seven flights in amidst Abu Dhabi Australia which will include the services between Abu Dhabi-Sydney, Melbourne Brisbane.Etihad management said that Australia is a very important market place for us we are dexterous that after this collaboration we will be able to serve our social occasion better. We currently fly about 450,000 people a year to Australasia, we pretend this deal will add about 100,000 to that figure. With this collaboration we will be in a position to serve the USA Europe trips better from Australia, that will give us a distinct advantage over the other competitors, improves the sustainability comfort of travel.The agreement would joing the Blue Group and Etihad frequent peak programs, thus allowing the customers to earn burn miles in all of these airlines that are involved in deal.Partnership of Virgin Blue V Australia with Virgin the States for Frequent FlyVirgin Blue with its long-haul airline, V Australia has partnered with Virgin the States to give benefits to loyalty customers to get some points when they take flight on sister airlines. This simply means that people travelling through any of these 3 flights will earn some credit that will be deducted under frequent travelling program. This partnership has applied from April, 2010.This exchange agreement will enable Virgin Blue or V Australias pep pill customer to earn Velocity points vice-versa through any of the 3 flights. Virgin Blue is presenting this as benefits to its guests a act of Customer relationship management.Virgin Blue team says that their motto is that people from whole USA other parts of the world plan their tours with our developing airline family. Virgin no-good is famous for its customer service, product innovation, great design high level of facilities. Virgin Blue has got Best National Airline for 3rd unbent year at the Australian National Travel Industry Awards.

Effective Utilization Of Human And Other All Resources Management Essay

trenchant Utilization Of Human And another(prenominal) All Resources Management Essay developing forcefulnessive management skills to bargain with particular(prenominal) desire challenges and bothers of every g everyplacenance is the urgent pauperism of legion(predicate) businesses and organizations in the worldwide competitive environment, continues changing of technology and environment. The new-fangled course of homework and development of successful organizations over the world today is evolution impressive skills in repugning with specific challenge of their admit organization to r for distributively one their testify goals and objectives in the new organization that characterized by net prevailed, flat, flexible, diverse, global organization.Effective Management Skills to back up people and organization improving their own usefulness and efficiency. Globalization and continues developing technology shows we atomic image 18 in a period of intense competiti on.Proper management is vital in these daedal environments.The quality of conductor and impressive management styles gage determine the finish of the organisation, the productivity of its staff, and, ultimately, success or failure. A jitney should bedevil the mightiness to direct, supervise, encourage, inspire, and co-ordinate, and in doing so facilitate action and guide change. Managers develop their own leadership qualities and those of others. Management utilizes proviso, organisational and communication theory skills. These skills argon authorized in leadership also, but even more so ar qualities much(prenominal) as integrity, honesty, courage, commitment, sincerity, passion, determination, compassion and sensitivity.An effective motorbus of an organization should have the following skills. fictive Problem Solving SkillsDescribing and analyzing a problem.Identifying causes of a problem.Developing creative options and choosing the do up course of action.Implementi ng and evaluating effective and efficiency of the decision. intercourse SkillsListening skills.Presentation skills.Feedback Skills. constitution writing skills.Conflict Management SkillsIdentifying sources of conflict functional and dysfunctional conflicts. rationality mortalal style of conflict resolution.Choosing the outperform strategy for dealing with a conflict.Developing skills in promoting constructive conflicts in organization and ag conclaves.Negotiation SkillsDistinguishing suffusive and integrative negotiations, position and principle negotiation.Identifying park mistakes in negotiation and ship chiffonieral to avoid them.Developing rational sentiment in negotiationDeveloping effective skills in negotiation that benefits all parties involved.Self-Aw beness and ImprovementUnderstanding the ideal of self-management.Evaluate the effectiveness of self-management.Developing creative and holistic thinking.Understanding the splendor of emotions in puzzle outs as well in self-development.Understand of self-motivation. efficaciously managing self-learning and change.There are certain other qualities required for a dangerous film director to manage his staff.PlannerA Manager has to take a long-term view while a group member leave behind be break downing towards go throughn and established goals, the manager moldiness tincture further ahead so that these goals are selected wisely. By thinking intimately the eventual consequences of different plans, the manager selects the optimal plan for the team and implements it. The manager escorts that work is not repeated nor problems tackled too late, and that the necessary resources are allocated and arranged.providerThe Manager has access to knowledge, which the team needs. The portion of a manager is master(prenominal) because authority, which the manager holds uniquely within the team and the manager, mustiness(prenominal) exercise the forefinger for the benefit of the team for the effec tive productivity.ProtectorIn any company, thither are problems, which can deflect the work force. The manager should be on that point to guard against these and to protect the team. If a new project emerges which not given(p) an impossible deadline. If psyche in your team brings forward a profound plan, you must ensure that it receives a fair hearing and that your team knows and understands the outcome. If almostone is in your team has a problem at work, you have to deal with it.Inspires a Shared VisionAn effective manager is often depict as having a vision of where to go and the powerfulness to articulate it.Qualities of a ManagerA manager has to direct, inspire and motivate his men at work. He has to clearly set forth the objectives for them and inject in them eagerness to extend to the objectives. He has to be a competent person in the area of his specialization. He must be a man of circularise beware, moral and emotional integrity and capable to understand and solve problems.It is concentrated to give an exhaustive list of all traits and qualities which go to make a successful manager. However, some of the grand traits contributing to the success of managers are as follows world power to thinkIt is difficult to think and think clearly and purposefully. energy to think in clear terms and with definite purpose in view is a must for a manager to succeed. He must be able to think rationally.Broad visionA manager must be able to take into consideration the boilersuit effect of his functioning on the company as a whole. Sectarian view, thinking in terms of my department, is not conductive to the smooth working of the company. Therefore, a manager must take a comprehensive view of separately of hia action.Clear ExpressionOne of the functions of a manager is to direct his subordinates. It nitty-gritty he must communicate with them. Effective communication depends upon clarity of expression. point the best conceived idea or instruction is worthles s unless it can be communicated effectively. Therefore,Technical major powerThough a manager need not be a technician, it is necessary that he possesses the necessary degree of technical foul competence relating to his field. This would dish him to handle his subordinates effectively. Technical skills are more important at the supervisory level.Human Relations skillsHuman relation skills call to ones might to work well with others on a person to person basis and to build up cooperative group relations to carry with organizational goals. A manager must keep in mind that he has to lead his subordinates and not to drive them. He should possess seemly knowledge of the factors and forces which go to ensure good relations, motivate people for best of their carrying into action and generate cooperative and competent human behavior.Good CommunicatorThe ability to communicate with people is the just about important skill by managers and team members. The Manager is also the teams li nk to the larger organisation. He must have the ability to effectively negotiate and use persuasion when necessary to ensure the success of the team and project. Through effective communication, manager support someone and team achievements by creating guidelines for accomplishing parturiencys and for the career advancement of team members.EnthusiasmIf Managers are negative they bring staffs down. Manager with enthusiasm, with a bounce in their step, with a can-do attitude. Many people tend to follow people with a can-do attitude. Enthusiastic Managers are committed to their goals and express this commitment by dint of optimism.CompetenceManagers will be chosen based on their ability to successfully lead others rather than on technical expertise, as in the past. Having a winning track record is the surest way to be considered competent. expertness in management skills is another dimension in competence. The ability to challenge, inspire, enable, feigning and encourage must be d emonstrated if managers are to be seen as capable and competent.Ability to Delegate TasksTrust is an essential element in the relationship of manager and his or her team. You demonstrate your trust in others through your actions how much you check and control their work, how much you delegate and how much you relinquish people to participate.Cool Under PressureIn a gross(a) world, projects would be delivered on time, under bud lounge about and with no major problems or obstacles to overcome. A leader with a hardy attitude will take these problems in stride. When leaders encounter a stressful event, they consider it interesting, they touch sensation they can influence the outcome and they see it as an opportunity.Team-Building SkillsA team builder can best be defined as a strong person who provides the substance that holds the team together in common purpose toward the right objective. In order for a team to communicate from a group of strangers to a single cohesive unit, the le ader must understand the process and dynamics required for this transformation. He or she must also know the appropriate leadership style to use during each stage of team development. The leader must also have an savvy of the different team players styles and how to capitalise on each at the right-hand(a) time, for the problem at hand.Communicate the big pictureIf you want your employees to work hard and be committed to your business, you have to keep them in the loop. throw communication helps foster loyalty and gives employees a sense of pride. It helps them understand how their work contributes to the companys success.Delegate work and responsibilitiesSome employees, share their workload with them and adduce the work according to peoples strengths and weaknesses, and let employees develop their own good work habits and abilities. ease employees set goalsSetting deadlines and goals helps keep employees focused, busy and motivates them to do their work. Talk to each of your emp loyees about the companys goals, and work with them to set individual goals directly linked to your businesss mission. key out sure employees understand their professional growth path in the company. certify problemsIt is impossible to know about own(prenominal)ity conflicts, lagging productivity or other problems in the office if you have your head in the sand. If you mailing a change in an employees work habits or attitude, try to get to the root of the problem before it starts affecting the rest of your staff.Organizational AbilityA manager must be a good organizer. Ability to organise well is a quality of a vital enormousness to make a successful manager.Dynamic PersonalityA manager must possess the desire to move ahead, to introduce change for better, to do something new. He must perpetually look for doing something bigger and better.Emotional constancyA manager must be able to keep his personal likes and dislikes away from his organizational indebtedness. It means that in solving the business problems of his company, he must not allow his personal feeling to influence his decisions. This requires persistent emotional feelings.IntegrityA manager must enjoy the steady confidence of both his superiors and subordinates. Botha as a person and in his actions, he must be known as a person of risque moral integrity. He must remember the saying that it is not abounding to be good, one must also appear to be good.Roles of a ManagerManagement is the effective utilization of human and visible resources to achieve the enterprise objectives. The human resources or people use material resources such as machines, materials and money. It is for the management to ensure that people use material resources in the most efficient manner. Only then the objectives of the enterprise could be achieved. For the effective utilization of resources, the workers whitethorn be given adequate instructions and training. They mustalso be properly motivated so that they work wi th reverence and loyalty for the achievement of organisational objectives.For this, every manager guides and direct the efforts of a group of persons in the organisation. He defines the objectives of his group keeping in view the overall objectives of the enterprise. Each member of the group is assigned a specific task so that the targets of the group as a whole may be achieved. This is necessary for achieving the objectives of enterprise.Some of the characteristic that are common to most of the managers are as followsManagers spend a major portion of their time in achieving coordination between human and non-human resources.Managers do much work at an disconsolate pace.Managerial tasks are characterized by brevity, variety, and fragmentation.Managers prefer live action- brief, specific, well-defined activities that are current, non-routine, and non-reflective.Managers prefer oral to written communication.Managers maintain a vast number of interlocutors, spending most time with s ubordinates, linking them with superiors and others in a complex network.It has discovered that managing involves certain functions. While performing these functions, a manager has to play twofold roles. A role consist of the behavior patterns dis contend by a manager within an organisation or a functional unit. Henry Mintzberg identify ten basic roles performed by managers at all levels from foreman to headspring executives and classified them under three heads interpersonal, informational and decisional. These roles describe what managers actually do.Interpersonal RolesThe starting set of behaviour concerns interpersonal roles, which include the followingFigurehead administrator managers perform a number of ceremonial duties such as representing their dissipated at public affairs and overseeing official functions. Lower level managers have ceremonial duties as well, perhaps on a lesser scale, including attending employees customers.Leader This encompasses a range of duties suggested earlier including motivating workers, guiding work-related behavior, and load-bearing(a) activities that help achieve organisational objectives.Liaison Managers find themselves acting as contact between groups and individuals which are part of, or come in contact with, an organisation. This liaison role is important for establishing contacts with suppliers, coordinating activities among work groups, and encouraging consent needed to assure effective consummation.Informational RolesInformational roles are concerned with communication among individuals and groups, but, managers must also be skilled in gathering and using information to help make effective decisions. They should be able communicators who can communicate information and articulate decisions. Mintzbergs three informational roles are as followsMonitor Managers monitor activity, solicit information, gather data, and observe behaviour. Well-informed managers are prepared for decision-making and can redirect b ehavior to improve organizational performance.Disseminator Here communications are reversed. Rather than receive information, managers transmit information. Obviously, this is a crucial grammatical construction of management. Subordinates, superiors and managers of similar work groups rely on timely of information disseminated with clarity. instance Top executives find themselves more involved as spokespersons than lower-level managers. A firms form _or_ system of government on competition, its philosophy customer care and its commitment to safety are topics common in executive speeches. However, managers at all levels are spokespersons who may be called upon to represent their groups. For example, when department heads meet to discuss operating budgets, they must be prepared to present information and support budget requests of their individual departments.Decisional RolesMintzberg identified four roles within the list of his behaviour set. These are as followsEntrepreneur In re cent years, entrepreneurs have been identified with the commitment to innovation. Managers in complex organisation act in entrepreneurial way, by perpetually trying to improve their operations. They seek new ways of using resources, new technologies for enhanced performance, and new systems of organizing human resources.Disturbance Handler This may be the best understood role of managers because they have always had the primary responsibility for resolving problems. It may also be the most stressful role as managers seem to find themselves constantly faced with disturbances that threaten the harmony and effectiveness of the organisations.Resource Allocator The third role links planning and organizing functions and organizing functions. Managers must plan to meet their objectives and distribute resources accordingly. There will neer be sufficient time, money, materials, or manpower to accomplish all that is expected, so resource allocation offers involve carefully assigning scarce resources.negotiator The allocation process bears on the role of negotiator. When scarce resources must be shared among many operating units, managers with superior negotiating skills will have advantages over others. However, negotiating extends to many managerial activities both inside and outside the firm. Purchase manager. For example, negotiates material prices and terms. Personnel manager negotiates union contracts. Negotiating, of course, doesnt mean conflict but it does incriminate face to face bargaining between managers and employees to resolve problems or spring up performance expectations.The ability to recognize the appropriate role to be played and to change roles readily is a mark of an effective manager. However, it may be concluded that at lower level, some of the decisional roles and informational roles are more important whereas at the top level interpersonal roles and decisional roles are of hugeer significance. At the middle level of management, informationa l roles are found to be more common.Effective dealing of ProblemsThe first step in dealing with a problem employee is to identify the trouble. Many times, a simple, honest talk with an employee will scatter issues such as occasional tardiness or minor attitude problems. teach requires a manager to work one-on-one with problem employees or to assign another employee to work with the employee to overcome their shortcomings. The mentor should provide the employee with feedback and solutions for improving their performance. coaching requires patience and a substantial time investment, but it can help modify an employees behavior.Poor performancePoor performance is not always due to a lack of skills the employee may simply be disorganize or sloppy. These habits can usually be corrected with proper guidance. If performance difficulties relate to a lack of skills, consider coaching or additive training.Job incompatibilityIn some cases an employee becomes a problem because their skills arent congruous with their assigned tasks or regular duties. In this case, offering the employee additional training or assigning them a different set of tasks is usually the most appropriate course of action.Sloppy workWhen you notice that, an employee has made some errors, point out the mistakes to the employee and monitors their work more closely. If the problem persists, speak with the employee and pointedness the most serious examples of problems with their work. Remember to remain positive and focus on how important the employees contribution is to the company.Create an effective messageConsider the specific informational needs of executives, middle managers, supervisors and employees, and tailor your message to fit each audience. An effective message should also explain how your employees day-to-day duties directly affect the companys performance and should touch on the values and pride of the employees. A direct, face-to-face fundamental interaction can help reinforce pos itive attitudes inspire employees and help them hold to the change.Listen to your employeesEmployee feedback is critical in managing change. Holding focus groups with employees is a great way to gauge reaction and monitor the progress of change. You also can encourage employees to provide feedback through email or the company intranet. Communication is the cornerstone to successful change management. Talking to your employees is not a one-time event, and you need to reinforce your message by communicating early and often.To be an effective manager you must know yourself, your strengths and your weaknesses, and those of the people around you. You must know your objectives and have a plan of how to achieve them. You must build a team of people that share your commitment to achieve those objectives, and you must help each team member to achieve their best which will be able to attain a common goal.