Comparative Study Between Ulysess and My Last Duchess Essay

Have a little read: †¦ Comparing ‘Ulysses’ by Lord Tennyson and ‘My Last Duchess’ by Robert Browning. â€Å"Ulysses† was written by Lord Tennyson and is a poem about a mythical Greek character and is a dramatic monologue. Another poem that is a dramatic monologue is â€Å"My Last Duchess†, by Robert Browning. Both poems are similar, for example they are both structured similarly, and are both different, one difference being their subject. In this essay I will compare the two poems, focusing on form, and how language helps to build up subject matter. Ulysses is a Greek mythical character, and was famous for being a pirate, ransacking villages and being a warrior. In Greek literature, Ulysses just seemed to disappear after he got home, and Tennyson decided to write about Ulysses and his thoughts after ‘retiring’ from fighting. The poem is written in verse, and seems to be either a dramatic monologue or monologue interior. It is hard to know which one, as a dramatic monologue must have a listener (other than the audience. Ulysses is talking to someone, his dead soldiers, but as they are deceased it is difficult to decide if they count as a listener to the poem. My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning was written in the same era as â€Å"Ulysses† and is written in Verse. This poem is different to â€Å"Ulysses† as this poem is about a fictional character which is created by Browning. This is a Dramatic Monologue, as the duke (the character created by Browning) is talking to the servant of the father of a possible bride. To create the effect of speech, Browning uses Iambic Pentameter, which helps to imitate the rhythm of conversational speech, and enjambment frequently. The use of language to present the subject matter is important for both poets. In Ulysses, the poet builds up a picture of the characters inactiveness by using words such as â€Å"still†, â€Å"dull† and â€Å"pause†. These adjectives create an understanding of what life is like for Ulysses, and this is then contrasted with words of his past such as â€Å"roaming†, â€Å"ringing† and â€Å"windy†. These words create a contrast between the activeness of the past, and the stillness of the present. This helps the reader imagine what life was like for the character when he was young.

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The purpose of assessment falls into 5 main categories. Initial, (at the beginning) diagnostic (example: testing for existing knowledge), formative, (ongoing) summarize (at the end) and passive (self). Gravels states, Assessment is a regular process: it might not always be formalized, but you will be observing what your learners are doing, asking them questions, and reviewing their progress. So why do we actually assess learners?Gravels (2012) argues that â€Å"It enables you, the assessor, to ascertain if you the learner has gained the required skills ND knowledge needed at a given point towards a course or qualification†. Further reasons to asses are that assessment can highlight weakness and highlight strengths, it is also an excellent piece of feedback for both students and teachers which can be used for a review also. The first assessment that should take place should be an initial assessment. This will ensure that the learner is on the right course.Gravels (2012) states that if you place the learner on a course qualification they may not achieve, it is placing them at a distinct disadvantage. Completing an initial assessment goes however also have positive aspect, if the learner shows a lack of knowledge in a specific area the teacher would be able to plan for specific need and make arrangements for future learning, therefore promoting equal opportunities by allowing a range to different ability learners to complete the program.CAD (2012) describes an initial assessment as â€Å"Initial assessment of each newly arrived pupil's learning helps teachers consider the pupil's specific needs and plan opportunities that will help remove any barriers to learning they might have†. Formative assessments are always ongoing throughout a course, it will roved opportunities to adapt learning to the students needs, it will also highlight any weakness that may need to be addressed, thus improving learning. In a care job this may be done by supervisions, wat ching how people work.Guidance and support should be given on any areas they are no so good at. Constructive feed back in many opinions are best to use. Just like a driving test many fail first time yet more than 95% of those who attempt eventually pass. (Petty 1 998) Summarize assessments sums up what a candidate can do, a summarize assessment usually leads to a pass or fail situation. However, an NV is scribed as a â€Å"competence-based qualifications. They reflect the skills and knowledge needed to do a job effectively, and show that a candidate is competent in the area of work the NV framework represents. CAD (2012). A disadvantage of this type off assessment is that an NV is a qualification you should not fail you are given time to pass and are allowed to practice and make mistakes this may imply that failure is k, and that you can just to start again but in care a job should be done first time and no mistakes should be made, this would be an ideal world but after all we are human and mistakes re made. That is where an NV has its advantages it allows you to make mistakes and try again and by doing this you are constantly learning and you become more competent in what is to be done.For effective learning to take place it is important to involve the learner in the assessment process. Initially this could be done by sharing and clarifying the assessment process with the learner ensuring they understand what the assessment criteria is and how they can meet that criteria. After the assessment it is important to give the learner useful feedback that they can fleet on and actions that they could take for further assessments. Gravels states â€Å"All Learners need to know how they are progressing and what they have achieved.F-dieback will encourage and motivate them†. Giving Feedback is an essential part of the assessment cycle, feedback shows and encourages both learners and trainers how they are progressing. It is not a criticism and should be helpful to learners to understand their behavior and actions. Scales (2008) states â€Å"The willingness of learners and teachers to give and receive feedback is at the heart of formative assessment'. The feedback sandwich is a well trusted and standard model of delivering feed back.The trainer should first ask learners for self assessment followed by trainers positive recognition Of achievements and strengths on top. Feedback should be neither too extensive nor brief and if there are many areas of change a learner need to address, a maximum of only 3 should be given initially, so the learner is not overwhelmed. Feedback being a two way process should be delivered in a positive manner, be it verbally, written or electronically. Its delivery should be descriptive, instructive and targeted specifically at the learners areas of development in order to motivate them.Feedback is an essential part of effective learning. It helps students understand the subject being studied and gives them clear guidance on how to improve their learning. Questions must be asked thought or as learning is ongoing to ensure there is an understanding. Peer and self assessment are a great way of involving learners as it allows them to give constructive feedback. Self and peer assessments are always ongoing. Looking at gaps and what else needs doing. Improving own knowledge and looking at difficulties. Discuss with others who can support you to over come things.Encourage sharing of knowledge and Information. Self-assessment plays an important part in enhanced learning as by making the learner think about their own strengths and weaknesses it enables them to highlight those areas of skill or knowledge on which they need to work. Learners can also be used as a learning resource explaining something to another student for example or by giving peer feedback, by getting the learner to take on the teacher's role it makes them think about their own knowledge and how to get that knowledge across thereby promoting self- assessment.Peer assessment really helps the rapport of the group as they are working together by giving constructive criticism and points for development. Peer and self-assessment, where students assess each other and themselves, can encourage students to take greater responsibility for their learning, for example, by encouraging engagement with assessment criteria and reflection of their own performance and that of their peers. Through this, students can learn from their previous mistakes, identify their strengths and weaknesses ND learn to target their learning accordingly.Getting students to become more active in their learning in this way can help to alter the perception of learning as being a passive process whereby students listen to you and absorb the information in order to regurgitate during a subsequent assignment. If students are participants rather than ‘spectators', they are more likely to engage with their learning. For peer evaluation to work eff ectively, the learning environment in the classroom must be supportive.Students must feel comfortable and trust one another in order to provide honest and constructive feedback. Instructors who use group work and peer assessment frequently can help students develop trust by forming them into small groups early in the semester and having them work in the same groups throughout the term. This allows them to become more comfortable with each other and leads to better peer feedback. Assessment methods vary greatly and each have their own strengths and weaknesses.A test or questioning would be two good initial assessments as they can be used to gauge how much prior knowledge a learner has. They could also be used as formative assessments comparing the answers to the earner's earlier answers to measure how far they have progressed. Limitations of tests and questioning can be some people can crumble at tests. Know it all but cannot get it down onto paper also may find it difficult to expla in. Tests may cause anxiety and cause people to feel pressured. May only allow for specific answers without chance to expand.Tests and certain types of questioning may not be suitable due to barriers. Lack of confidence or even ability to read can affect the person. Other support may be needed to allow them to complete the task. An observation makes for a good formative or summarize assessment as it ivies the learner the opportunity to demonstrate the skills and or knowledge they have gained, the drawback of an observation however is that the natural behavior of anything being observed is likely to be altered by the observation.Assignments are another method of assessment, again they give the opportunity for the learner to demonstrate knowledge and can be used either as a formative or summarize assessment. However they can be very intimidating if the learner struggles with putting concepts into words. Historically exams were used as a means of summarize assessment, when regained cor rectly an exam is difficult to cheat and a good way to measure knowledge, the drawback however is that not everyone is suited to sitting exams.Nerves, environmental factors even the quality of sleep the night before could all affect the results. Another useful assessment tool is the learning journal (can be formative and summarize) used in part by the author. This informative method can be used by either learners or trainers. It reinforces learning points by listing, promotes creative thinking by asking learners/trainers to compile a tool kit of materials or ideas. It also allows reflection on learning and empowers learners to express any concerns they may have or what personal development needs they may aspire too.Limitations can include not having correct information to begin with, information must be needs to be factual and concise. Not everything can be documented/recorded. One of the major disadvantages of journals, logs and portfolios is the difficulty some students experience , through lack of familiarity and practice, with writing reflectively. The superficial accounts of events that can result from this have little educational alee – for either the assessor or the assessed student.Record keeping is the documentation of information imparted in regards of codes of conduct, over time they are the evidence of what the learner has achieved and will also show what other knowledge needs to be provided. Records are usually kept on paper files and/or electronically; Good, accurate records are important for teachers, learners, verifiers, training providers, and inspectors and for employers as they can keep a track on the individual's development and progress as well as in the teachers/college performance ND professionalism in delivering the subject.Additionally, it is a legal requirement to keep accurate and up to date records on learners as it serves as a clear channel for external, as well as internal, audits; providing accurate and up to date records i s to prove and account for the training/lesson effectiveness and the progress of learners or even special needs for other learners. An example is records of course/ lesson attendance will show up gaps in knowledge. Records should identify if further action is required and, if so, a record of the action should be completed. Assessment forms will operate in a similar way.

How I Utilised My Summer Vacations

Vacations are the best time to relax and enjoy and I eagerly wait for my summer vacations every year. Every year my school closes in the middle of the month of May and reopens by the end of June. Annual exams get over and the results are declared. This time I got promoted to class nine from class eight. After the hard labor for the examinations, I wanted some rest and also some refreshment. Hence I put aside my books for a few weeks. Next day morning I went out to play with my friends. It was a very hot and sunny day so we decided to play indoor games. In the evening I asked my father and mother to take me to any of the hill stations because I wanted to beat the heat. My father told me that we cannot go to a hill station because all the hotels and resorts are booked beforehand only. It was too hot, the sun was scorching and the wind was deliberating. Fortunately my uncle had invited my family to Haridwar where he had reached two weeks earlier. Me and my parents reached Haridwar. My uncle, my aunty and my cousins were all very excited to see all of us. They welcomed us with a warm heart. At Haridwar I went to the bank of River Ganga in the morning and it was very pleasant to see hundreds of men and women bathing in the stream of Ganga and then offering prayers in the different temples of its â€Å"Ghats†. I requested my uncle to take us to the hilly spots in the vicinity. He was kind enough to take all of us there. The hill sights of Laxmi jhoola, Swargashram and many other spots fascinated me. I saw a large number of trees bearing beautiful fruits and flowers. The peeping of Sun’s rays in the morning and evening was really very charming. The waterfall at some distances shone like flowing silver in the moonlight. The cool breeze was always felt. No heat or dust of the plain was felt here. I was very much pleased. We remained there for two whole weeks. From there my father and my uncle planned to go on a pilgrimage. We left for Mathura and Vrindavan. There we had darshan of Dwarkadhish, Rangji, Behariji, and of many other temples. We then went to Girirajji. We also went to Karoli and Mahaveerji, a place of Jain pilgrimage. The scenery and views of all these places was beautiful and breathtaking. Of all the vacations in my life, this was my best summer vacation ever, mainly because my cousins were also there. We had collected memories for a lifetime. I told my parents that we will plan similar holidays for every summer vacation, in the coming years. He firmly nodded to what I said. The vacation was over and I was back to school but my mind was still remembering the sweet memories of the summer vacation. I will await the next summer holidays and would love to go on this type of vacation again and again.

Researchweek2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Researchweek2 - Essay Example ance of nurses; where hospital personnel do not set the bed-exit alarm and the cases where a patient is under the influence of high-risk medication (Oliver, Healey, & Haines, 2010). Other situations that could lead to patient falls include where patient assessment is inadequate and where there are delays in responding to call alerts or care delivery. More than 1 million patient falls occur every year. Among US hospitals, falls rates range between 3.1 and 11.5 cases/1,000 patient-days (Quigley et al., 2009). Rates of patient falls differ, depending on the type of hospital unit; the highest rates of falls are reported in the medical and the neuroscience units. Fall rates are 3.48 and 6.12/ 1000 and 6.12 and 8.83/1000 respectively (Quigley et al., 2009). About 30 percent of the total number of patient fall cases cause some form of injury; 10 percent cause the patients serious injury, including the fracture or the trauma of the head. Among aged patients, these falls are extremely dangerous, including that they can cause death or further illness (Oliver, Healey, & Haines, 2010). The statistics reporting the incidence of patient falls and their effects among older patients are very critical and disturbing. Presently, older people of 75 years and above comprise about 22 percent of the patients admitted into hospitals (Wier, Pluntner, & Steiner, 2010). Further, major areas of hospital costs are related to patient falls: these include liability, length-of-stay and care services. The patients that suffered serious injuries, due to falls, while under the care of hospitals remained under care for 6.3 to 12 days more than their counterparts, and also registered higher healthcare costs by an average of USD 13,316 (Brand & Sundarajan, 2010). Additionally, starting 2008 the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services revised their policies – directing that they will not compensate hospitals for the costs incurred on the treatment of these types of injuries (Inouye, Brown, &

Strategic International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic International Business - Essay Example In order to gain a competitive edge in a new market, the concept of strategies adopted should entail steps that are different from those of rivals (Sekhar 2010, p.6). Currently the retail giant operates in twenty-seven countries across all the continents, but surprisingly missing in the world’s largest economy, the United States, after it pulled out in 1994. Various research findings reveal that retail business market penetration in developed nations such as Singapore and Netherlands range from 85 percent to 51 percent respectively. Additionally research work conducted by Ebeltoft Group and MacMillan reveal the business of consumer retail is fastest in developing nations and more so in south America, and Africa (Loeb, 2013). The research also indicated that the net profit in these regions was also the highest amongst retail firms operating there, compared to other regions. In these economies market penetration is not as saturated as the case in more developed economies but the French retail giant is heavily represented in Latin America. Carrefour’s Current Markets The retail giant operates in four Latin American countries; the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina collectively having 284 hypermarket stores, 151 supermarkets, 695 hard discounters, 48 convenience stores and 124 cash and carry stores. The retail giant, on the other hand, is weakly represented in Africa with a total of only sixteen hypermarkets, thirty-seven supermarkets and one cash and carry store spread out in North Africa. Given these scenarios, it would be imperative to for the firm to consider an expansion plan in sub Saharan Africa and particularly South Africa. However, while considering entering into the South African market, Carrefour must learn a lot from its previous market entry strategies that failed in, for instance, Japan where it was unsuccessful in understanding and meeting the needs of Japanese consumers. Carrefour failed to conduct thorough pre-entry m arket research, and thus while carrying out market intelligence, it should consider applying the SWOT analysis; considering each strategy’s strengths, potential weaknesses and how best it can utilize potential opportunities in the South African market. These include first the Strengths it is competitive in prices compared to the rivals, has relatively large stores with a range of non-food items, expansion growth has been impressive and it places emphasis on locally sourced products. Secondly, weaknesses in their home country they are beaten by local rivals, Casino, their own brands are generally underdeveloped and finally it did not study markets in the United States and Japan, which resulted in failure. There is the opportunity in expanding to modest infiltrated market such as South Africa; despite the threat of rivalry from more prevailing Wal-Mart after their entry into the South African market. South Africa It is a middle-income economy and home to bulging number of middl e class citizens, and with the government courting foreign investments into the economy; such moves seemed to have attracted Carrefour’s global retail rivals into the country such as Wal-Mart who are planning to enter the market. The country boasts of well-developed infrastructures and these developments provide a boosts for those firms planning to set up footprints into the country. The country is waking up to the

Managing Resources and Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Resources and Information - Essay Example The measures are taken care of during the design and construction process of a building, or if the assembly is already constructed, they are incorporated into it. An important module of the fire safety measures is creation of awareness among the masses specially children. Statistics presented by the fire brigade fire investigation unit New South Wales show that 3000 fire accidents affect children annually and out of these, nearly 10 percent of the fires are lighted by the children themselves. Generally fire prevention officers are responsible for keeping the check on buildings and making people alert about the expected hazard. The text presents an evaluation of the fire hazards, how can they be communicated to the children, what will be the challenges involved and how can they be overcome etc. Moreover, the report also covers the recruitment process for the employees and the evaluation of the adopted practice. In a nutshell, the report examines the implementation and assessment of the child safety awareness program comprehensively. Failure in the recruitment of eligible and competent staff not only effects the functioning due to inappropriate levels of skills but also has an adverse outcome on the profitability of a firm. Recruiting employees does not only include the selection of the candidates but it is the complex and widespread process involving the decision making and planning capabilities of the management to select and employ the best and apposite workforce. Skills required for different jobs differ from one another. For example, a lower or line manager should be a good team player and during recruitment of a person for such a job, managers must look into the candidates whether they are team players or not. However, the selection and employment of the appropriate personnel is not the end to the recruitment process. It also goes on to the training and retention of the staff members so that they contribute positively to the progress of the

Gender and History in Modern South Asia Research Paper

Gender and History in Modern South Asia - Research Paper Example Mani states that one of the reasons that the colonial government abolished the right known as sati was as a result of the belief that it was an inhuman practice that did not put into consideration the rights of the women who underwent it.1 Colonial officials believed that sati was done because the family of women’s husbands did not wish to be saddled with the upkeep of widows. Furthermore, it was believed that these families did not wish widows to contest their husbands’ estates and this was a reason why they were coerced to undergo the right. The result was that the colonial government came to believe that the women who underwent sati were coerced to do so by greedy relatives and members of the Brahmin caste who were called upon to officiate the occasion. Colonial officials wished to institute laws that were designed to ensure that women were protected against what they saw as the depravity of the whole practice of sati, hence the move to abolish it. However, contempor ary scholarship shows that despite there being some cases of women being coerced to undergo sati, a significant number of them went willingly and there were instances where despite being held back by their relatives, they fought their way to the pyre so that they could go with their husbands. In addition, contemporary scholarship shows that some people within the local population were also opposed to sati and made arguments that mirrored those of colonial officials. Contemporary scholars are shown to believe that the sati would have eventually have come to an end in India without the intervention of the colonial government and despite the belief among the latter that sati was practiced all over India, was not as widespread and had fallen into disuse except for Calcutta and the areas surrounding it.

Structure of Eukaryotic Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Structure of Eukaryotic Cells - Essay Example The eukaryotic cells are made up of numerous rod-shaped chromosomes. They are structured to compose of several membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum. These organelles found in the eukaryotic cells have remarkable cellular functions. The eukaryotic cells are well structured and protected by a membrane-bound nucleus. This nucleus that surrounds the membrane is considered as a true nucleus (Lanza, 2009). Additionally, almost all eukaryotic organelles are divided with the rest of the cellular space by a membrane. The eukaryotic organelles are surrounded by a membrane that is based on lipid bilayers which are relatively comparable to the cell's outer membrane, but it is not similar. In summary, the aggregate area of a cell's internal membranes by far-off surpasses that of its plasma membrane. Similarly, organelle membranes just like the plasma membrane role are to retain the interior fluids in and the exterior fluids ou t. This separation allows several types of biochemical reactions to take place in diverse organelles (Lanza, 2009). Each of the organelles has a particular role in the cell and all of the cell's organelles work collectively in a unified manner to achieve the inclusive essentials of the cell. For instance, in a mitochondria cell's, the biochemical reactions send energy from pyruvate molecules and fatty acids into a molecule rich in energy called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).  

Architecture of the Greek Culture from the Middle Bronze Age through Research Paper

Architecture of the Greek Culture from the Middle Bronze Age through the Geometric Period - Research Paper Example The paper explores how architecture mirrors the political, trade, and military conditions within Greek culture during the Minoan civilizations, Mycenaean Civilization, and Dark Ages of Greece. The Minoan civilizations (2600-1200 BC) The Minoan civilization represented a Bronze Age civilization that emanated from the island of Crete. The Minoan cities had stone-paved roads shaped from blocks cut with bronze saws (Pedley 36). The Minoan period witnessed numerous trade activities and the construction of striking palaces. An analysis of architecture of this period manifests absence of defensive walls. Minoan architecture features several structures that played the role of commercial, religious, and administrative life. Archeologists have successfully unearthed in Crete a Minoan landscape detailing tombs, palaces, towns, villas, and the roads that linked them. The evidence indicates a thriving prehistoric culture capable of surviving and expanding. The Minoans were prominent sea traders o n the Mediterranean and fostered cultural exchanges with other places such as Egypt. At the height of the Minoan civilization, the Minoan trade increased, in which Minoans came to rule over Mediterranean trading routes. Palaces represent some of the prominent architecture during the Minoan civilization. ... 20). The palaces experienced technological advancement with extensive drainage systems, aqueducts, irrigation, as well as wells that were deep and which were the sources of fresh water that could be used by the inhabitants. The palace buildings had multiple stories, which featured staircases (both interior and exterior), massive columns; light wells, outdoor places where people gathered, storage magazines, which represented the theaters of the ancient times. The method used in the construction included ceramic bricks coupled with stones that used to be rough linked by mortar within the interior walls (Biers 62). The Mycenaean Civilization (1600-100 BC) Greeks initially settled on the Greek mainland close to 2000 BC in which geography played a central role in the formation of a society. Mycenaean were equally wealthy as Minoans on Crete but can be described as relatively warlike. The Mycenaean civilization supplanted the Minoan civilization as the dominant sphere of influence on the G reek Islands. The military activity during the Mycenaean period  yielded to the fortification of major towns  such as Athens. The isolated forts served the purpose of militarily control territory (Pomeroy et al. 30). There were also various forms of exits typified by access ramps, monumental gates, vaulted galleries, and hidden doors fashioned to facilitate escaping in the event of a siege (Pomeroy et al. 31). Fortresses, which were built to suit the prevailing military conditions, represent some of the prominent examples of architecture during the Mycenaean civilization. The fortresses detailed massive walled structure built for defensive purposes. The walls of the structures

Managing Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Managing Diversity - Essay Example Diversity in an organization or the work place can only be practiced or appreciated by recognizing the fact that discrimination can create a serious disadvantage to a particular group of employees or workers while at the same time bestowing privilege on others. Managing diversity in a place of work or organization increases the productivity of the employees in that particular organization. Managing diversity at the place of work or organization is important as it creates and maintains a conducive work environment, which incorporates both differences and similarities of the employees. Several studies and research have confirmed that managing diversity at the work place or organization results into increased commitment and satisfaction by employees or workers in their duties thus leading to an increase in returns. Managing diversity in the organization may involve the proper balance of gender in that persons of different sexes are allowed to perform similar duties or functions. This is aimed at bringing a positive work environment through the incorporation of both gender is incorporated as it brings into consideration the value of both similarities and differences of employees. This makes each and every employee or worker realize their potential thus maximizing the overall contribution they make in order for the company to increase productivity and achieve its goals and objectives. Discrimination based on the gender of an employee continues in most organizations, for example in some organizations women are and feel discriminated against at all levels of their employment (Gregory, 2003). There is therefore need to diversify the roles each gender plays at the work place or organization. Managing diversity at the work place therefore entails the respect and acceptance of employees of both sexes as equal partners in the work place through the recognition of the employees and their uniquely acquired skills. This would include overcoming barriers or stereotypes that hi nder the participation of some people in some duties in the organization. For example, the belief that that women are not good in industrial or technical jobs can be done away in order to accord everyone an equal opportunity at the work place. Successful management of diversity of employees in the work place or an institution has a direct effect in improving the performance of all employees in the organization. Extensive research has shown that management of diversity by incorporation of both men and women in the work place has direct impact in the results achieved as a heterogeneous team that composed of both men and women perform better at the work place as compared to teams made up of only men or women (Barbara, 1988). Organizational Strategies and Policies Cox and Blake (1991) have argued that having an organization with a diverse work force results into decisions that are better, creative and innovative while at the same time resulting into a flexible organization that apprecia tes divergent thinking. It may also make the organization attract and retain the best talents thus ensuring a greater capability in marketing. These can

Are Drug Courts a Solution to the Drug Problem Research Paper

Are Drug Courts a Solution to the Drug Problem - Research Paper Example This paper proves that drug courts help to reduce recidivism rates in various states and help to save taxpayers money by reducing costs. However, some researches show that there are negative effects such as increasing more crime and additional court monitoring costs. This paper bases its argument on the notion that is difficult to determine whether the positive effects of drug courts outweigh the negative effects. One of the most vital issues in drug courts is to know whether these courts have any effects and whether the effects are long-term effects on offenders who pass through the court processes. It is not easy to access the long-term effects of these courts because of the impeding issues that relate to the results attained after offenders pass through the processes of drug courts. For instance, it is quite challenging to find whether the observed pattern of encouraging results reflects a suppression effects on drug related crimes (Mitchell, 2011). During the processes involved i n drug court participation, the examination of numerous outcomes mainly focuses on recidivism. It is vital to note that there is a probability that drug courts can suppress drug related behaviors and crimes while the offender is active in the court program. Likewise, an actively involved offender in the treatment program can change his discharge from a drug treatment program after the removal of behavioral contingencies (Mitchell, 2011). ... Since most drug courts fail to monitor the abstinence of drug related offenders from drug usage after undergoing treatment programs, it could be difficult to determine the long-term effects of drug court participation than determining the short-term effects. For instance, it could be difficult to determine whether drug court programs help to reduce substance abuse, criminal victimization recidivism, and other factors associated with drug abuse. In addition, it is hard to estimate the effectiveness of drug courts because these courts are varied depending on their countries and constitutions of these countries (Mitchell, 2011). Effects of Three Strikes legislation on Criminal Behavior In spite of the impeding challenges to the effectiveness of drug courts, most people consider drug courts as the most effective strategy for reducing criminal activities and recidivism among offenders. There is a significant increase in the number of drug courts since the initiation of the first drug cour t in Florida, 1989 (King & Pasquarella, 2009). This is a clear indication of the importance of such courts in the society, hence their spread throughout the whole country and other states. The participation of drug courts helps to reduce criminal behaviors according to a research conducted by (Mitchell, 2011). Drug courts reduce the probability of an offender to repeat the same offense leading to a reduction in the overall number of criminal undertakings. Drug courts play a significant role in reducing drug related crimes such as illegal possession of drugs and sales offenses. One remarkable effect of the participation of drug courts is the significant reduction of the number of drivers driving under the

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin Essay Benjamin Franklin is a notable figure in American history and perhaps one of the most recognizable in name and appearance. Franklin was one of the most important people during the early years of the nation because of his involvement with the Declaration of Independence and the diplomatic and political advances he made during his life as a citizen of the new United States of America. Known for his curious mind, Franklin is also remembered for his many scientific contributions to the field of Physics. While many people would say that George Washington is the father of this country, there is a good argument that Benjamin Franklin should hold the title in the history books. Why? Because he is the only founding father to have signed the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris, and the Constitution, and it is these three documents as a whole that created the United States as its own nation apart from Great Britain and established its place in the world. Without his ability to be diplomat, his political sense, and his scientific advancements, the United States would have likely never become the nation that it is today and for this reason, Franklin is destined to have a place in American history. Benjamin Franklin was, for all intents and purposes, first and foremost a shrewd and successful politician. During his political life he accomplished a great deal of important things. One of the most notable of Franklin’s political dealings was his absolute disapproval of the Stamp Act and he was at the head of the effort to have it repealed by Parliament. He was appointed by the Continental Congress to the committee that would draft the Declaration of Independence and was in fact the person that edited it. In his later years, he was part of the committee that created the United States’ Constitution and was single-handedly able to help the unhappy delegates come to a compromise and helped, through an impassioned speech, get them to sign it. In his last years he was also known for being a dedicated abolitionist and spent a great deal of political energy asserting this cause. Throughout his life, his writings and activism helped establish the United States as an American nation. In fact, he is credited with having inventing the idea of an American nation. As a diplomat, Benjamin Franklin was well-liked and received by other nations because of his friendly nature, his intelligent conversation, and his ability to connect with people on a different level. His most notable diplomatic accomplishment was the Treaty of Paris, which helped establish the United States as a separate and equal nation. Franklin was well-liked by the French because he was able to quickly understand the customs of the people and used his ability to negotiate over the dinner table to effectively make connections with the French. Throughout his life, Franklin would be known as an accomplished diplomat for the United States. As a scientist, Franklin’s accomplishments are well known by Americans. Franklin was an inventor who enjoyed trying out new ideas and coming up with new scientific ideas. Among his inventions were the lightening rod, the glass harmonica, and bifocal glasses. His experiments with electricity were among his most well-known and became important contributions to Physics. He also founded the American Philosophical Society, where men of science would get together and discuss their inventions and scientific research. Throughout his life, his greatest love would be science and his study of electricity. Benjamin Franklin is perhaps the most important of the founding fathers because his contributions to the country went far beyond simply serving as president or fighting in a war. Franklin was able to use his ability to work with others, be diplomatic, and his intelligence to help create the nation that he envisioned. He not only helped the United States break away from England, but was there to help the American people gain status in the world at large and to help create the Constitution that would be the foundation of American society. His accomplishments in science and his founding of the American Philosophical Society helped bring science and culture to a fledgling nation that was trying to find its own way. For this he will always be remembered as the Father of the country. Bibliography Benjamin Franklin. Wikipedia. 29 Jan. 2007 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin#Inventions_and_scientific_inquiries.

Description And Examples Of Genetically Modified Organisms

Description And Examples Of Genetically Modified Organisms Genetically modified organism (GMO), organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products. GMO has long been the practice to breed select individuals of a species to produce offspring of the desirable traits. It is used in conventional livestock production, crop farming and even pet breeding. In genetic modification, the mechanism used for creating a genetically modified organism is called the recombinant DNA technique. It involves combining strands of DNA from different sources to create a new DNA molecule that has a different combination of genes than that, which occurs naturally. There are some scientific methods included in producing GMOs, such as recombinant DNA technology and reproductive cloning. Recombinant DNA technology involves the insertion of one or more individual genes from an organism of one species into the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of another. On the other hand, reproductive cloning technology generates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent by the transfer of an entire donor nucleus into the enucleated cytoplasm of a host egg. The first animal produced using this cloning technique was a sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. Since then a number of other animals, including pigs, horses, and dogs, have been generated using reproductive cloning technology. Cisgenic organisms and transgenic organisms are the two classes of genetically modified organisms. Cisgenic organisms are genetically modified organisms that result from the combination of different strands of DNA, which all originates from the same, or very similar, species. The entire DNA used in the process comes from organisms that are very closely related, usually defined as organisms that are able to breed together. Transgenic organisms are genetically modified organisms that include DNA from two different species. Transgenic microorganisms are the most commonly created transgenic organisms. The simple DNA of bacteria lends itself to relatively straightforward recombinant DNA methods. GMOs produced through genetic technologies are playing a very important role in agriculture, medicine, research, and environmental management. Although GMOs have benefited human society, some disadvantages exist. Therefore, the production of GMOs remains a highly controversial topic in some countries. 2. Examples of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Many of our common crops, such as corn, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, and soybeans, are genetically modified. The majority of these crops were herbicide-resistant as well as insect-resistant, while the others may contain increased nutrients such as vitamins, produce yield earlier, or are able to survive weather extremes. Genetically modified tomatoes were introduced to the market in 1994, becoming the first commercially grown transgenic crop. They have longer shelf-life than the average tomatoes as they produces less of the substance that causes tomatoes to rot, so remains firm and fresh for a long time. In addition, transgenic corn is resistant to commercial herbicides such as glyphosate or glufosinate. It is also insect resistance by producing a poison, which kills harmful insects. Vitamin-enriched corn contains increased amount of vitamin A, vitamin C and folate compared to the normal corn. Another example of GMO is squash. Squash belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, which includes pumpkins, gourds, zucchini, cucumbers and melons. Genetically modified squash have resistance to the common squash viruses, namely watermelon mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus. Other than crops, farm animals are also genetically modified to mature in a shorter time period to minimize expenses and increase profits for farmers, as well as to be resistant to certain diseases. For example, genetically modified cow is resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). One of the examples of increased growth rate in genetically modified animals is fish including salmon and carp. One-year-old salmon fish with growth hormone chimeric gene are able to grow as large as 13 times that of the non-transgenic salmons. Other than that, chicken that can produce eggs containing human proteins has been created by British by transferring DNA into the yolk of a fertilized chicken embryo. The proteins can be harvested and purified for treatment of diseases such as multiple sclerosis or cancer. 3. Advantages of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) In order to ensure an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come. GMO can meet this demand due to its special characteristics. Firstly, GMOs are pest resistance. Pests can cause large financial loss to the farmer. Pesticides that generally used by farmers are health hazarding and causes pollution. Pest resistance can reduce the use of pesticides. Thus, GMOs is healthier to eat and bring less pollution to the environment. Second, GMOs are herbicide and disease resistance. The control of weeds actually is not cost-effective because farmers have to spray large amount of herbicides on the weeds and care has to be taken to avoid the herbicides from harming the crops. Hence, GMOs are more cost-effective and easier to control the weeds and less concern is needed to cope with the diseases caused by viruses, fungi and bacteria. Thirdly, GMOs are drought tolerance/salinity tolerance. As the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly less arable places. Next, GMOs have better nutritional value. GMOs are incorporated with other additional vitamins and minerals. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of golden rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A). Lastly, GMOs are also useful in pharmaceutical field. Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines. 4. Criticism Against Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) There are several concerns that arise despite the advantages of GMO. The three fields of concern include environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concerns. One of the environmental hazards consists of gene transfer to non-targeted species. There is a possibility of genetically modified plants cross breeding with weeds to produce weeds to produce a new genetic strain of weeds known as Superweeds. Next concern is the reduced effectiveness of pesticides. The pesticides strains from GMO might be able to pass on to pest after consuming GMO; thus, causing pest to have the same resistant genes to pesticides. These pests are then termed Superpest. The human health risks also posed a major concern among people. The long-term side effects after consuming GMO are still unknown. There is still the question of whether the genetically modified strains are able to pass on to humans after consuming GMO. People are getting worried that the anti-bacterial strain in the GMO might be passed on to humans and cause a disruption in our immunity against certain types of bacteria. There is a possibility that introducing a new gene may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in prone individuals. In addition, there are also economic concerns involved. The cost involved in research and developing of GMOs are high. Many of these GMOs have been patented. Farmers from the third world countries are worried that the price of the patented GMOs would be raised so high that they would not be able to afford it. Furthermore, patent violation has been a growing concern to agribusinesses. Some companies have introduced suicide gene into plants. Suicide gene only allows plants to be viable for one season and the seeds produced after are sterile. Therefore, farmers have to buy fresh seeds every season and this causes an issue to the farmers from the third world countries. 5. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in Malaysia Malaysia is among the 55 nations in favour of adopting international guidelines on labeling of all genetically modified food. Several genetically modified crops containing traits of value have been produced at the experimental stage. At the Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development institute, rice has been successfully modified to resist the Tungro virus and papayas manipulated to resist ring-spot virus infection and to have a prolonged shelf life. Other crop such as pineapples is manipulated to resist black heart, bananas and papayas for delayed ripening and chili for virus resistance. Malaysia is also developing genetically engineered oil palm with a focus on increasing value-added products from the palms such as high oleate and high stearate oil, nutraceuticals (vitamin A and vitamin E) biodiesel and bioplastics. Genetically modifying technology has been in introduced to assist the development of animal husbandry. Besides that, Malaysia has released 6,000 genetically modified mosquitoes designed to combat dengue fever at an uninhabited site in the central state of Pahang. The biotechnology sector faces a challenging future with increasing global competition. Malaysian government will, under the ninth Malaysia plan, implemented the strategic thrust of the national biotechnology policy, with the active participation of private sector. With the recognition as the worlds halal hub, and given importance attached to the biotechnology industry, Malaysia is poised to introduced biotechnology products with GM label and halal certification. 6. Conclusion In the future, there would be a wide range of crops that are resistant to pest, diseases, and herbicides. The crops would also be high in nutrition value to suit our body system and could be designed to accommodate whatever type of climate changes. The future of GMO is still yet far to go. GMO is a giant leap in the agricultural sector. It is now up to us to decide on how GMO should be used, whether for the good of mankind or the destruction of us all.

Design Phases in High Rise Building Foundation

Design Phases in High Rise Building Foundation Problems in foundation engineering are the selection of suitable beds and foundation for high rise building is one of the known problems in high rise building. In no of cases it has been discovered that the designing of building foundations goes beyond the limits of normative documents and their construction. As per requirement to ultimate strength bearing capacity especially for high rise building designs are extremely strict. Beds and foundations are quite important phenomena in design and construction of high rise building foundation. There are currently recommended foundation types where piles, combined pile-raft foundations and mat foundations are considered. Ground engineering known as geo-technical design procedures consists on several stages to gain the design of a foundation which is carried out from feasibility study to final geo-technical design followed by concept realisation and soil investigation. Researches has been carried out in accordance to design of high rise building foundation and no of ideas has been brought forward in which anchored slab foundations, raft piled foundations, mat foundations and group of piles or piles can be used for high rise buildings. Typically for high rise building foundations normally piles or group of piles are used for less than thirty floors with the diameter of 0-8 meters having length of 1-40 meters in the case of using wall in the soil ground assuming a parameter structure wall with reinforcement concrete having thickness of 60-1.5 meter which includes basement walls. While considering foundations for high rise building a major part is to aim the reduction of settlement in the new built structure to ensure the safety and sustainability with subject to long life of foundation. In most cases there can be possibilities that the soil type and ground conditions may lead to deep foundations with respect to transfer the high ultimate loads to the soil with the high bearing capacities. In case of bearing capacity of foundation which depends upon soil type, in case of high rise building foundation piles or combined piled-raft foundations are used to accommodate the allowable bearing capacity with subject to soil type and site conditions. In some cases ground water improvement is also necessary especially in urban areas to improve the volume of voids in the soil in order to built high rise building foundation to get the allowable bearing capacity and allowable foundation settlement to resist the failure of foundation. The literature review shows that a very little research work has been carried out to understand the types of foundation with subject to settlement and bearing capacity of soils effect on high rise building foundations. In view of foregoing ,by using the advance computer modelling techniques by considering case study, a no of numerical model based on standard finite-element method will be developed to investigate the behaviours of high rise building foundation by proposing a reliable foundation for high rise building with subject to settlement of foundation considering the simplified hand calculations comparing with the finite element which will be gained from computer modelling with accordance to load and other factors affecting on proposed foundation. Further in case study investigation will be carried out to examine sensitivity and limits of foundation settlements, factors affecting on settlement of foundation in accordance to load and displacement finally, a set of suggestions will be framed for future improvements of design criteria for foundations. Project proposal The selected topic of the project modelling and design of high rise building foundation is based on advanced computer based numerical modelling and a case study. Aim and objective of the project The selected project aims to understand the behaviour of foundations for high rise building Construction. The factor of settlement with respect to load and how the displacement occurs. How the ground improvements can take place. Bearing capacity of soils in case study with respect to the foundation type. Application of advanced computer based numerical modelling techniques will be utilised to compare the hand calculated results. The comparison of experimental results (case study) versus numerical modelling will be carried out to analysis the degree of agreement of both results. The scope of this project is to study the behaviour of foundations which can be used for high rise building structures. Deliverables The effect of load and displacement will be carried out with subject to settlement, bearing capacity of soils and ground water improvement The trend of modes of failure will be carried out on the performance of designed foundation Based on investigation and previous carried out a conceptual model will be developed with the help of case study. Potential Risk The potential risks of this research work are given below. A very limited time to complete the project The complexity of software and its usage. The risk of self learning of computer modelling techniques within scheduled period of time. The short of knowledge and intensive understanding of the topic. The limitation of simulating and modelling the natural site condition and interaction of soil with the pile foundation subject to corrosion induced cracking. The production of invalid results. The following steps will be taken to mitigate or avoid the above noted risks The appropriate work plan under the guidance of project supervisor will be revised. The selection of appropriate and user friendly computer package will be discussed with the supervisor. In view of complexity of usage of computer package and difficulty of self learning, an appropriate help of supervisor will be sought. A confident user of software will be identified and an additional help will be requested. In order to avoid the production of invalid results, close liaison and the scheduled meeting will be held with the project supervisor. Work Plan The stipulated completion period for this research project is three and half months. A number of tasks under various phases have been scheduled to accomplish the research project within fixed time scheduled. Phase I (Task 1 2): A comprehensive literature review will be carried out. The gaps and possible direction for research project will be outlined. The capabilities and limitations of campus based available software will be explored. And the most appropriate software available at campus will be selected and learnt to accomplish the project work. Deliverable: A report comprises the gaps and possible direction for the project will be prepared and submitted to the supervisor for correction and further guidance. Phase II (Task 3): A numerical calculation will be carried out to determine the behaviour and mechanism of propagation of corrosion product. The rate of corrosion propagation subject to various environmental factors will be investigated and quantified. Deliverable: A detail report of numerical calculation, tabular and graphical representation of results will be prepared and submitted to the supervisor for correction and further guidance. Phase III (Task 4): The procedure of computer based modelling will be outlined and model development process based on advance computer application will be carried out. The behaviour of pile foundation under the composite influence of corrosion induced cracking and soil conditions will be modelled. (Task 5 6): A parametric metric study will be undertaken to quantify the effects of various factors on propagation of cracks in concrete cover of pile foundation. An intensive analysis of data and post-processing and detailed examination will be carried out. Deliverable: A detail report of results and analysis will be prepared and submitted to project supervisor for guidance. Phase IV (Task 7, 8 9); the comparison of final results and case study will be made. The compilation of analysis of results, summary of conclusions and recommendation for possible future research work will be carried out. A draft of dissertation report will be written. The same will be submitted to supervisor for review and necessary correction and modification. Research Methodology and approach The project is principally concerned with modelling and design of high rise building foundations with subject to uses of foundations for high rise. A case study will be carried out in terms of design and model which will be appropriate for high rise in literature review the types of foundations will be investigated with subject to high rise. By applying the previous techniques and formulae for the design of foundation the results will be recorded and a comparison will be carried out with the computer software package in case study. The comparison will be carried out in terms of load versus deflection, settlement calculations by using previous methods and finite element with the choosed case study using computer modelling programme. The exploratory and quantitative methodology for the behaviour analysis of high rise building foundation will be adopted .In view of which a comprehensive model will be adopted and explored the results will be extracted from computer modelling of the problems and will be compared with the results gathered from case study results .a range of results will be produced in terms of graphical and in tabular form. The results will be analysed and compared with the results obtained from case study. The behaviour of foundation for high rise used in case study will be explored in terms of numerical modelling based on finite element. Literature survey ANCHORED-SLAB FOUNDATIONS FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS Reference: Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2005 pg; 127-130 E. A. Sorochan and D. S. Konyukhov.Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and Underground. Structures and, Moscow State Civil-Engineering University. According to Sorochan Konyukhov; It is proposed to use foundations with anchors for the construction of high-rise buildings. Friction piles rigidly fixed to a monolithic reinforced-concrete slab are used as anchors. A 70-story 210-m-high building is analyzed for different types of foundations. Settlements and Tilts based on mathematical modelling are compared with reliable values established by the Construction Rules and Regulations. Design of piled raft foundation on soft ground Reference: report from; Y.C.Tan director, Gue partners Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lampur,Malaysia. C.M.Chow Senior Geo-technical Engineer, Gue Partners Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lampur,Malaysia. According to Y.C.Tan C.M.Chow; A design approach for piled-raft foundation system using settlement reducing piles on soft ground is presented. The design approach is divided in to two categories, i.e for low rise and medium high rise the piled raft system is generally based on the concept of settlement reducing piles to control local deformation where piles of short length are strategically located beneath concentrated loads. for medium rise buildings, piles of varying lengths with the longest piles in the middle and progressively shorter piles towards the edge are adopted to control differential settlement within allowable limits. Various design cases must be considered for the design of piled-raft using settlement reducing piles to ensure adequate provisions of pile and design of strip raft for low rise buildings while an interactive analysis to model pile -soil-structure is proposed to analyse medium-rise buildings. BEDS AND FOUNDATIONS OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS Reference: Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2003 pg; 173-175 by S. B. Ukhov, Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures. According to Ukhov; Bed and foundation problems occupy a special place in the design and construction of high-rise buildings. This results from the fact that the average pressures over the footprints of the buildings reach 0.5-0.8 MPa, and occasionally more. For the relatively deep bedrock in Moscow, these pressures are frequently transmitted onto soils of Quaternary deposits possessing elevated compressibility. At the same time, requirements for limiting deformations of the beds, especially for their non uniformity and tilting of the buildings remain extremely rigid. The following are currently recommended as basic types of foundations for high-rise buildings: pile, combined piled-raft, and slab, including foundations with increased stiffness (box foundations). Deep foundations, which are supported on fissured limestones, as has occurred, for example, in the construction of the underground bridge in the zone where the third transportation beltway intersects the Lenin Avenue metro station in the area of Gargarin Square, can be used for heavily loaded foundations in particularly complex cases. GEOTECHNICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITHTHE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND DOMESTIC PRACTICE Reference; Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2003,pg 176-184 V. M. Ulitskii, A. G. Shashkin, and K. G. Shashkin Saint Petersburg State University for means of Communication; and, Scientific-Production Union Georekonstruktsiya Fundamentproekt. According to V. M. Ulitskii, A. G. Shashkin, and K. G. Shashkin; The concept of the piled-raft foundation assumes the transfer of some of the load from the building through the lower surface of the slab grillage . Here, the fraction of the load taken up by the slab grillage plays a basic role in the design. According to experience gained with the design of pile foundations at the Institute of Geo-technics in Darmstadt, the portion of the load taken up by the grillage slab is assigned by the designer. It is assumed that during deformation, excess loads from the piles will be transmitted onto the grillage slab; this will, as a result, also lead to an assumed distribution of pressure. Here, of course, it is considered that the settlements of the piled-raft foundation may be appreciably higher than those of a pile foundation, and may approach the settlements of a building on a slab in terms of value. It is precisely this situation that has obviously prohibited application of the concept of the piled-raft foundation to the building housing Commerce Bank II for which the requirements regarding settlements were extremely stringent. Observations made with respect to pressure transducers indicated that a slab grillage does not transmit pressures to the bed soil. On the whole, worldwide experience gained with the design and construction of high-rise buildings indicates that only high technologies of work production combined with profound analytical drafting of the design, and detailed investigations of interaction between the bed soils and building structures will make it possible to erect high-rise buildings in a fail-safe manner, including those constructed under the complex geotechnical conditions of Saint Petersburg. There is no doubt that beyond the dependence on the construction site, the erection and subsequent occupancy of high-rise buildings should be accompanied by a set of scientific measures, including a system of observations on the interaction between the basic bearing structures and bed soils. USING SETTLEMENT-CONTROL PILES TO ENHANCE MAT FOUNDATION OF A HIGH-RISE BUILDING IN ORLANDO Reference; Amr M. Sallam, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE, Associate Vice President, Nodarse Associates, Inc., Winter Park, Florida, USA:[emailprotected] S.E. Jim Jammal, P.E., M. ASCE, Executive Vice President, Nodarse Associates, Inc., Winter Park, Florida, USA:[emailprotected] According to Amr M Sallam Jim Jammal ; A piled raft foundation is a system in which the total structural load is supported partially by the raft (mat) through contact with the soil and the piles usually by friction. A piled raft foundation is economical because the utilized piles are usually short since they do not have to extend to a sound bearing layer. The piled raft foundation undergoes settlement that is more than that of pile foundations and less than that of mat foundations. Piled raft foundations were used to support bridges, high rise buildings, and heavy industrial plants. Most of the piled raft research concentrated on the load distribution between that mat and the piles. Analytical solutions as well as linear and nonlinear two and three dimensional Finite Element Analysis are available to optimize the piled raft design. Although a pronounced piled raft foundation was not utilized in the presented case history, the authors utilized the idea of using short frictional piles to control settlement of the mat foundation. A peer review and additional exploration study was performed by the authors to evaluate the most economical foundation system for a Downtown Orlando mixed-use building. Original design called for deep foundations in the form of Augered-Cast-In-Place piles. An alternative foundation system that consisted of solid mat foundations with settlement-control piles was recommended. The settlement-control piles were utilized below the heavily loaded column, where higher contact pressure were observed. This foundation system required continuous coordination between the geotechnical and structural engineer. The settlement-control piles was modeled in the mat structural analysis program as points of higher stiffness than the mat. The results of two static pile load tests were used to estimate the actual pile stiffness within the design load of the pile. A number of columns were monitored for settlement during and after construction. The measured settlement were substantially lower than the predi cted settlement, which proved the efficiency of the recommended mat foundation with settlement-control piles. SLAB-PILE FOUNDATION FOR A HIGH-RISE BUILDING Reference: Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2008 pg; 17-22. R.A.Mangushev, A.V.Igoshin, N.V.Oshurkov, and A.B. Fadeev Saint Petersburg State Architectural and Civil Engineering University. According to R.A.Mangushev, A.V.Igoshin, N.V.Oshurkov, and A.B. Fadeev; A slab-pile foundation (SPF) belongs to that group of floating piles with a low slab grillage, which provides for the transfer of a portion of the load onto the soil directly through the lower surface of the grillage. SPF had become popular after several high-rise buildings had been erected on them in Frankfurt (Germany) on a thick stratum of indigenous clay. As compared with a purely slab foundation, an SPF has insignificant settlement and a lower probability of tilting. At the same time, it is more economical than a purely pile foundation where the entire load is transferred onto the piles. SPF hold promise for widespread use in the construction of tower buildings, large tanks, and other similar entities. According to author; It is difficult to analyze the causes of significant deviations in computed SPF settlements from the actual settlement based on one-time analyses. More probably, settlements on the high side, which were obtained by layer-by-layer summation even with a limitation placed on the depth of the compressible stratum with respect to a criterion of 0.5, are caused by data presented by survey organizations, where the compression modulus of the soils had been appreciably underestimated. The experience gained with installation of the SPF has therefore been successful. The actual settlement of the building is lower than the computed value, and lower than the limiting allowable settlement. There is virtually no tilt. The iteration method used to analyze the settlement of the SPF is guaranteed devoid of gross errors, and yields a cautious and, not-underestimated assessment of expected settlement.

Understanding of Intersubjectivity and Life in Theodors Celms Philosophical Works :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Understanding of Intersubjectivity and Life in Theodors Celm's Philosophical Works ABSTRACT: Theodors Celms (1893-1989), a prominent Latvian philosopher, was one of Husserl's best students. Intersubjectivity was an important theme in the "psychological" reading of phenomenology when Celm turned to the problem of the transcendental "I" and to a living-rather than logically defined-subject. Celms concluded that Husserl's phenomenology could not address the question of intersubjectivity because in the course of its development it merely substituted pluralistic solipsism for monistic solipsism. What is most essential in phenomenology-the process of sense (or meaning) formation-remains hardly noticed in Celms' work. Contemporary phenomenology has developed as a philosophy of new thinking-a phenomenology of life that can be applied in different ways toward solving various problems of intersubjectivity. Professor Theodors Celms (1893-1989) was the most prominent Latvian philosopher. He has published significant philosophical works in Latvian and German. His philosophical heritage is: "Der phà ¢nomenologische Idealismus Husserls", Riga, 1928; "Vom Wesen der Philosophie", Regensburg, 1930; "Lebensumgebung und Lebensprojektion", Leipzig, 1933; "Subjekt und Subjektivierung. Studien à ¼ber das subjektive Sein", Riga, 1943. All these works are republished now in Germany, under the title "Der phà ¤nomenologische Idealismus Husserls and andere Schriften", Verlag Peter Lang, 1993. In 1922-1925 Celms went to Germany and took up courses in philosophy conducted by Rickert and Husserl. Husserl recognized him as one of the best pupils in phenomenology. At the University of Freiburg he obtained the doctoral degree in philosophy. Later he became a research assistant in the "Deutsche Literaturzeitung fà ¼r Kritik der internationalen Wissenschaft". His main philosophical book on Husserl was translated in Spain, Madrid, 1931. This work has not lost significance up to this day. "Garland" in New Your in 1979 recognized it as important but no longer available book. Celms became famous as one of the deepest critics of Husserl's transcendental phenomenology, who tried to find a way out of the phenomenological discrepancies. In the thirties Celms wrote reviews in German on M. Heidegger's and M.Scheler's philosophies and published volumes in Latvian: "Tagadnes problà ¨mas" (The Problems of Today), Riga, 1934, and "Patiesà ¬ba un à ¸Ãƒ ¦itums" (Truth and Appearance), Riga, 1939 as well as separate articles in papers, magazines and encyclopaedias. The themes of Man, subject, life, consciousness, culture, society occupy a most prominent place in T.Celms philosophical articles and lectures in the University of Latvia. At the end of the Second World War Celms emigrated to Germany, then moved to the USA (1949).

Australia :: essays research papers

Australia Australia is an island continent and is located southeast of Asia . Australia is the smallest continent in the world . Australia is made up of six states . The climate in Australia varies greatly : a hot season , wet season with rains falling mainly in February and March. During which north western has warm and dry season. Australians mineral resources are notably bauxite, coal , gold, iron , ore, and petroleum. The most popular and native mammals in Australia are marsupials . The best known marsupials in Australia is a kangaroo which include fifty species. In Australia forty-three percent of surface consists of desert and sandy plains. Most of the population of Australia is of European descent. Before the world war II the population was entirely of British origin, but since then more than two million Europeans from the continent have migrated to Australia . English is the official language of Australia. The total population of Australia is 17, 827, 204. The capital of Australia is S idney . The Religion of Australia is largergerly Protestants , 26 percent of Australians are Catholics , and there are smaller like East Orthodox, Muslim , Buddhist , and Jewish population . The education begins at the age of six and the upper limit is to sixteen . Australia has more than ten thousand primary and secondary schools. In the early 1990s Australian had thirty-nine universities . The way of life in Australia reflects the heritage of British settlers . Australia has many interesting sites like beaches, mountains, deserts , museums, art , music , Film and many other sites . The oldest music of Australia is Aborigines. That music plays accentual role in both social and sacred life. During social gatherings called corroborees , singing and dancing provide the major form of entertainment. Australia is an outstanding producer of primary products . The major exporter are wheat ,meat , dairy products and wool . Australia usually produces twenty-five percent of world's yearly woo l. Mining became the leading factor of mining in Australia . The county continues to be dependent on livestock raising and crop farming. Manufacturing began after world war II . Most manufacturing facilities are at Sidney. The production is mostly iron, steel ,aircraft's, construction equipment ,synthetic fibers , electronic equipment , power cables , and petroleum .Sydney was founded by CaptainArthur Philip in 1787.

Native Americans in the United States and European Colonists Essay

Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures. Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in TWO of the following regions. Confine your answer to the 1600’s. Early relationships between American Indians and European colonists differed among the dissimilar cultures. The encounters between the American Indians and the New England Colonists ended in betrayal and bitterness while the relationships between the Indians and the Spanish Southwest was violent and hateful. In New England during November of 1620, the first European colonists arrived to establish Plymouth Colony. During the harsh winter, half of the colonists had perished. When the surviving colonists arrived, a couple of Indians came to help them. The Indians taught the colonists how to grow and fertilize corn crops. Soon, the Europeans became successful farmers and began trading with Indians for fur. As the Europeans became more self-sufficient, they turned their firearms at the Wampanoag Indians and forced them to declare English Sovereignty. For generations, the aggression toward the Wampanoag Indians from Europeans continued. After years of hostility toward the Indians, the governor or Plymouth received information that the Wampanoag chief, Metacom was planning a war against the English. The Indian who provided the information to the English was named Sassamon and was known as a â€Å"faithful Indian† to the English. He was murdered by the Indians for betraying them. Soon after in 1675, the English hung three Wampanoag Indians thus beginning King Philip’s war. This war resulted in stopping the Indian’s resistance to colonial expansion and wiped out approximately forty percent of the Native American population in New England.

Antonio Lopez

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born on March 21, 1794 in Jalapa, Vera Cruz and died in 1876, in Mexico City. Santa Anna had started in the military in 1810 as a cadet at the age of 16, and was promoted to Brigadier General in 1822. In 1828 Santa Anna became the governor of Vera Cruz. He became governor again in Vera Cruz in the year 1829. Then in 1833 he was elected the president of Mexico. Santa Anna led the Mexican attack on the Alamo in Texas in the year 1835. Santa Anna eventually captured the Alamo. The Texans recorded 257 deaths and the Mexican Army had between 400-600 deaths.Later on his carelessness in the end allowed Sam Houston to win the battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna was able to gain back his authority when the French invaded Vera Cruz in 1838. He was considered a hero after he had many horses shot from underneath him and lost half of his left leg. In 1842 he arranged ceremony to find his foot and parade it in Mexico City and placed it as a monument for everyone to se e. Santa Anna fought in the Mexican War and sold land to the United States called the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.In 1854 a young officer named Bonito Juarez banned Santa Anna from Mexico for ten years and Santa Anna later returned before his death. He was driven out of Mexico for having too much power and control over the country. He later returned to Mexico in 1867. He once again tried to regain more power in 1867. Before he could he was taken prisoner and condemned to the firing squad. Instead he and his family were exiled out of Mexico. He then returned to Mexico in 1874 and then died two years later at the age of 82. Santa Anna was significant to the Spanish world because he believed and fought for his country.He was also important to the Spanish world because he was a dictator of Mexico for many years. He served in the military, was president eleven times of Mexico, and was the governor of Vera Cruz twice. Santa Anna was also important because he was forced to give land to the Un ited States called the Gadsden Purchase. He led the Mexican army to attack the Alamo and was also the leader in that battle. He had defeated many armies and leaders when he was serving in the military. Santa Anna was in the military for most of his life.All these things are important about Santa Anna and are important to the Spanish world. He was very important and no one will ever forget the famous Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and what he did. I think Santa Anna was a pretty brave man because he went through all of those battles for his country, had lost his leg, and was imprisoned in Sisal, Yucatan. I also think Santa Anna wanted way too much power because he kept trying to take over the military and the country. Also I think he deserved to be banned from the country for ten years because he was trying to get to much power.I think Santa Anna had a pretty unique life because he was president of Mexico, he was governor of Vera Cruz, and was high ranked in the military. I think Santa Anna did some weird things because he had set up a ceremony to find his lost leg and had set it up on a monument for everyone to see it and admire it. I think it was nice that his wife wanted to be buried with him before she died because that shows that his wife really cared about him. I have learned many things about Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna as in what he did and how he lived. He was one of the most famous Spanish people and I enjoyed learning about him.

Sludge retention time in aerobic granulation

AbstractionThis paper shows the function of sludge keeping clip in aerophilic granulation under negligible hydraulic choice force per unit area. Consequences showed that no successful aerophilic granulation was observed at the studied SRTs in the scope of six-eight months. A comparing analysis revealed that hydraulic choice force per unit area in footings of the minimal subsiding speed would be much more eective than SRT for heightening heterotrophic aerophilic granulation in sequencing batch reactor ( SBR ) . It was shown that SRT would non be a decisive factor for aerophilic granulation in SBR.IntroductionSludge keeping clip ( SRT ) is one of the most of import design and operation parametric quantities in the activated sludge procedure. It has been known that SRT may hold singular eect on bio & A ; # 64258 ; occulation of activated sludge.Basically a SRT of 2 yearss is frequently required for the formation of & A ; # 64258 ; occulated activated sludge with good subsiding ability ( Ng, 2002 ) , while the optimal SRT for good bio & A ; # 64258 ; occulation and low vitamin E & A ; # 64260 ; uent COD was found to be in the scope of 2 and 8 yearss ( Rittmann, 1987 ) . It has seen believed that a SRT shorter than 2 yearss favors the growing of spread bacteriums that in bend would ensue in increased SVI and e & A ; # 64260 ; uent COD concentration. In aerophilic farinaceous sludge sequencing batch reactor ( SBR ) without knowing control of SRT, it was found that SRT would change in a really big scope of one to forty yearss along with granulation ( Pan, 2003 ) , while Beun et Al. ( 2000 ) reported that the SRT increased from 2 yearss to 30 yearss, and so dropped to 17 yearss, & A ; # 64257 ; nally the SRT was stabilized at 9 yearss along with the formation and ripening of aerophilic granules in SBR. So far, there is no research available in the literature with respect to the indispensable function of SRT in the formation of aerophilic granules in SBR, i.e. , the eec t of SRT on aerophilic granulation remains unknown.It has been shown that aerophilic granulation in a SBR is driven by hydraulic choice force per unit area in footings of lower limit settling speed of bioparticles ( Liu et al. , 2005a ) . Therefore, to look into the eect of SRT on aerophilic granulation in SBR, the intervention of hydraulic choice force per unit area needs to be avoided. For such a intent, this survey aimed to demo if SRT is indispensable for aerophilic granulation in instance where hydraulic choice force per unit area is absent and it is expected to oer in-depth penetrations into the mechanism of aerophilic granulation every bit good as operation scheme for successful aerophilic granulation in SBR.2. Methods2.1. Experimental set-up and operationTwo columns ( 157 centimeter in tallness and 5 centimeter in diameter ) , each with a on the job volume of 1.26 L, were operated as sequencing batch reactors, viz. R1, R2, which were seeded with the activated sludge taken from a SBR working on Phenols remotion effluent intervention. R1-R2 were run at a several SRT of 24,48hours, while the other operation conditions were kept the same, i.e. 24 H of entire rhythm clip, 5 min of & A ; # 64257 ; lling, 30 min of subsiding and 5 min of vitamin E & A ; # 64260 ; uent backdown. The staying clip in each rhythm was the aeration period. In the last 2 min of aeration, a certain volume of the assorted spirits was discharged out of the reactor in order to keep the coveted SRT. Fine air bubbles were introduced at a & A ; # 64258 ; ow rate of 3.0 L/min through a dispenser located at the underside of each reactor. At the terminal of the subsiding stage, supernatant was discharged from an mercantile establishment located at half the tallness from the reactor underside. A hydraulic keeping clip of 24-48 H was maintained in reactors. The consecutive operation of the reactors was automatically controlled by timers, while two peristaltic pumps were employed for in & A ; # 64258 ; uent eating and supernatant backdown. Paper mush industry effluent used for granule cultivation.2.2. Analytic methodsBiomass concentrations in footings of entire solids ( TS ) and volatile solids ( VS ) every bit good as sludge volume index ( SVI ) were determined utilizing standard methods ( APHA, 1998 ) .The size of sludge was measured by a optical maser atom size analyzer ( Malvern Mastersizer Series 2600, Malvern ) , or an image analyzer ( IA ) ( Image-Pro Plus, V 4.0, Media Cybernet ics ) . Cell surface hydrophobicity was determined utilizing the method developed by Rosenberg et Al. ( 1980 ) . In this method, 2.5 milliliter hexadecane was used as the hydrophobic stage, and cell surface hydrophobicity was expressed as the per centum of cells adhering to the hexadecane after 15 min of breakdown.3. Consequences3.1.General observation by image analysisOn twenty-four hours 3 after the start-up of SBRs, some microbic sums with a regular form appeared in R1 tally at the SRT of 3 yearss, while really few regular-shape sums were observed on twenty-four hours 4 and twenty-four hours 5 in the SBRs operated at the SRTs of 6-40 yearss. After the & A ; # 64257 ; rst a few yearss, the development of sludge morphology became insigni & A ; # 64257 ; buzzword in R1- R2 until the reactors were stabilized in footings of changeless biomass and vitamin E & A ; # 64260 ; uent concentrations after the 30-day operation. At the steady province, it was found that aerophilic granules with a size bigger than 0.35 millimeters merely accounted for a really little fraction of entire biomass in SBRs, i.e. , bio & A ; # 64258 ; ocs were perfectly the dominant signifier of biomass in all & amp ; # 64257 ; ve SBRs operated at the SRT of 6-8 months3.2. Development of sludge sizeFig. 1 shows the remotion of COD in reactors when operated. The seed sludge had a average size of about 75.lmm. A signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant addition in the aggregative size was observed in the & A ; # 64257 ; rst month of operation in all the SBRs. From 1st month onwards, the mean size of sums bit by bit stabilized in the SBRs tally at dierent SRTs of 6-8 month. It appears that no aerophilic farinaceous sludge cover was developed in the SBRs operated at the big SRT scope of 6-8 months. Merely a few aerophilic granules with unit of ammunition form were found after 8 month of operation, while comparatively a big measure of bantam sums seemed dominant in the sludge community cultivated at the dierent SRTs. The size distribution of sums was determined on twenty-four hours 30. The peak values of the size distributions fell into a narrow scope of 150-350 lumen in R1-R2. These seem to bespeak that the SRT in the scope studied would non hold singular eect on the formation of aerophilic granules. Based on the size distribution, the fraction of aerophilic granules de & A ; # 64257 ; ned as microbic sums with a average size bigger than 350 lumen and a unit of ammunition form ( Qin et al. , 2004 ) was found to be less than 20 % in all the reactors, bespeaking that bio & A ; # 64258 ; ocs would be dominant signifier of biomass.3.3. Settleability of sludgeChanges in the sludge volume index ( SVI ) at dierent SRTs were determined in the class of SBR operation ( Fig. 2 ) . The SVI observed in all the reactors tended to diminish quickly in the & A ; # 64257 ; rst 4 month of operation, and bit by bit approached a stable degree of around 50 milliliter /g in all the instances. In add-on, a horizontal comparing across the SRTs besides shows that the SVI of sludge cultivated at the SRT of 6 month decreased more easy than those developed at the comparatively short SRTs.3.4. Biomass concentrationThe biomass concentration in footings of MLSS was measured along with the reactor operation ( Fig. 2 ) . The biomass concentrations in R1-R2 bit by bit increased up to a stable degree. It was found that the biomass concentration at steady province was proportionately related to the SRT applied, i.e. , a longer SRT would take to a higher biomass accretion.3.5. Substrate remotion dynamicssThe TOC pro & A ; # 64257 ; lupus erythematosuss within one rhythm were determined after 3 month of operation in R1-R2. A fast TOC debasement was observed in all & amp ; # 64257 ; ve SBRs, i.e. , about all input TOC was removed during the & A ; # 64257 ; rst 20 min. These finally lead to a long dearth period which has been believed to favor aerophilic granulation in SBR ( Tay et al. , 2001 ; Li et al. , 2006 ) . further revealed that the deliberate, i.e. , a higher TOC remotion rate is observed at a longer SRT. However, the lower speci & A ; # 64257 ; degree Celsiuss TOC remotion rate was observed at higher SRT. This can be moderately explained by the dierences in biomass concentrations as shown in Fig. 3a.3.6. Cell surface hydrophobicityThe cell surface hydrophobicities of sludges cultivated at dierent SRTs were found to fall into a narrow scope of 25-40 % , while the seed sludge had a cell surface hydrophobicity of 22 % . Merely the cell surface hydrophobicity of sludge developed at the SRT of 3 yearss seems somewhat higher than that of the seed sludge, whereas the cell surface hydrophobicities of sludges cultivated at the SRTs longer than 1st month are reasonably comparable with that of the seed sludge. These mean that the SRT in the scope studied would non hold singular eect on the cell surface hydrophobi city.3.7. Shift in microbic populationThe sludges cultivated in R2 were sampled on twenty-four hours 3, 10, 17, 24 for microbic analysis. It was found that the isolates some were really near to the strain Brevundimonas vesicularis, while the isolates could belong to the strain Comamonas testosterone. farther survey is needed in this respect. The population displacement s in the class of operation of R2 and R1. It can be seen that the dominant species varied along with the reactor operation, e.g. some of them was the most dominant species on 3 month onwards in R2 and R1, but this species wholly disappeared from R2 and R1 on twenty-four hours 24. Some were found to be undetectable on twenty-four hours 3 and 4 month, while they became dominant get downing from twenty-four hours 17 in both R2 and R1. It should be realized that the switching forms of microbic species in R2 and R1 are similar, however the denseness of the isolates in footings colony organizing units ( CFU ) dry biomass is much higher in R2 than in R1.4. DiscussionExisting grounds shows that the formation and construction of aerophilic granules are associated really closely with cell surface hydrophobicity which can originate cell-to-cell collection that is a important measure towards aerophilic granulation ( Liu et al. , 2004 ) . It is observed that the cell surface hydrophibicities of the sludges cultivated at the SRT of 6-8 month are reasonably comparable with that of the seed sludge. These seem to connote that that the SRT in the scope studied would non bring on signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant alterations in cell surface hydrophobicity, and the low cell surface hydrophobicity observed in bend may partly explicate unsuccessful aerophilic granulation in SBR. In add-on, Liao et Al. ( 2001 ) reported that hydrophobicities of sludges in footings of contact angle merely increased from 25 to 35 grades as the SRT was prolonged from 4 to -8 month.In the & A ; # 64257 ; old age of environmental technology, the SRT is correlated to the speci & A ; # 64257 ; hundred substrate use rate by the undermentioned look: in which Q s is the speci & A ; # 64257 ; hundred substrate use rate in a rhythm, and K d is the speci & A ; # 64257 ; hundred decay rate. Harmonizing to Eq. ( 3 ) , Y T and K vitamin D can be estimated from the secret plan of 1/SRT versus Q s, i.e. , 0.29 g MLSS/g 1 COD for Y T and 0.12 d1 K d.In fact, the ascertained growing output ( Y obs ) determined at different SRTs decreased from 0.23 g MLSS /g 1COD at the SRT of 3 month to 0.05 g MLSS g 1COD at the SRTf 40 days.Liu et Al. ( 2005b ) besides reported a growing output of0.29 MLSS g1COD and a decay rate of 0.023-0.075 vitamin D 1for glucose-fed aerophilic granules. In activated sludge modelNo. 3 ( Gujer et al. , 1999 ) , the decay rate for heterotrophic bacteriums has been reported in the scope of 0.1 and 0.2 1/d at the 10 and 20 0C, severally. Basically, a rhythm ofSBR consists of banquet and dearth stages ( Liu and Tay,2004 ; McSwain et al. , 2004 ) . In this survey, about all exter-nal organics could be removed within the & A ; # 64257 ; rst half an hr of each rhythm, i.e. , more than 75 % of each SBR rhythm would be capable to famine status, which would trip a signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant microbic decay finally taking to the low ascertained growing outputs. It appears1 that in R2 and R1 operated at the several SRT of 6 and 12 yearss, the displacement form and distribution of microbic species isolated did non demo signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant dierence. For case, on twenty-four hours 24, 10isolates were found in the sludges cultivated in R2 andR3, out of which 6 were the same. These seem to connote that in the present operation manner of SBRs, the choice of microbic species by the applied SRT would be weak, and such a weak choice on species may in bend, at least partly explain the fact that the belongingss of sludges developed in all & amp ; # 64257 ; ve SBRs merely showed some fringy dierences as discussed before. As no successful aerophilic granulation was observed in R2 and R1, it is difficult to pull a so lid decision with respect to the possible correlativity between aerophilic granulation and the ascertained alterations in microbic species. In fact, it has been thought that aerophilic granulation would non be closely related to a peculiar microbial species because aerophilic granules grown on a really broad spectrum of organic Cs have been developed, including ethanoate, glucose, phenol, p-nitrophenol, nitrilotriacetic acid ( NTA ) andferric-NTA complex synthetic and existent effluents ( Beun et al. , 2000 ; Tay et al. , 2001 ; McSwain et al.,2004 ; Schwarzenbeck et al. , 2004 ; Nancharaiah et al.,2006 ; Yi et al. , 2006 ) . As discussed earlier, SRT in the scope studied would non hold a signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant eect on the formation of aerophilic granules in SBR. For a column SBR, the travel distance of bioparticles above the discharge port is L ( distance between H2O surface and dispatching port ) . For a designed subsiding clip ( t s ) , bioparticles with a settling speed less than L/t s would be washed out of the reactor, while merely those with a subsiding speed greater than L/t s will be retained. Harmonizing to Liu et Al. ( 2005a ) , a minimal subsiding speed ( V s ) min exists in SBR, and it can be de & amp ; # 64257 ; ned as follows: shows that a long L or a short subsiding clip would ensue in a larger ( V s ) min, and frailty versa. It has been believed that aerophilic granulation in a SBR is driven by hydraulic choice force per unit area in footings of lower limit settling speed of bioparticles ( Liu et al. , 2005a ) . This means that to analyze the eect of SRT on aerophilic granulation in SBR, the intervention of hydraulic choice force per unit area needs to be avoided. In this survey, in order to look into the eect of SRT on aerophilic granulation without intervention of hydraulic choice force per unit area, the choice force per unit area in footings of ( V s ) min was minimized to an highly low degree of 0.76-0.78 m /h. Qin et Al. ( 2004 ) studied aerophilic granulation at dierent settling times with a & A ; # 64257 ; xed L, while Wang et Al. ( 2006 ) investigated aerophilic granulation at dif- ferent L at the changeless subsiding clip. Using those every bit good as the information obtained in this survey, a correlativity of the fraction of aerophilic granules and ( V s ) min is. It can be seen that the frac tion of aerophilic granules is proportionately correlated to ( V s ) min. Furthermore, at a ( V s ) min less than 4 thousand /h, aerophilic granulation is non favored in SBR, alternatively the growing of suspended sludge would be greatly encour- aged. It should be realized that the typical subsiding speed of conventional activated sludge is by and large less than 5 1/m ( Giokas et al. , 2003 ) . These imply that for a SBR operated at a ( V s ) min lower than the settling speed of con- ventional sludge, suspended sludge could non be eectively recluse. As the consequence, suspended sludge will take over the full reactor at low ( V s ) min merely every bit observed in this survey no affair how SRT was controlled. These consequences indicate that SRT would non be a primary factor regulating aerophilic granulation in SBR.5. DecisionThis survey for the & A ; # 64257 ; rst clip consistently investigatedthe function of SRT in aerophilic granulation in SBR. No success- ful aerophilic granula tion was observed at all studied SRTs, i.e. , bio & A ; # 64258 ; ocs were the dominant signifier of biomass at the SRTs studied. Dierent from the conventional activated sludge procedure, aerophilic granulation in SBR is improbable dependant on SRT, and this may hold great technology deduction in the design, optimisation and operation of a full graduated table aerophilic farinaceous sludge SBR.